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(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
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ANTHYLLIS.
Kidney Vetch. [Fabaceae]
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Kidney
Vetch (A. vulneraria), is the only native species of Anthyllis
recorded in Britain. There are several native and introduced subspecies including the introduced species including Bladder Vetch (A.
tetraphylla). The BSBI provide a downloadable plant crib for Anthyllis.
Eleven British miners are recorded on Anthyllis.
A key to the European miners recorded on Anthyllis is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. |
 Kidney
vetch
Anthyllis vulneraria
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Key for the identification of the known mines of British
Diptera recorded on Anthyllis
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
See Key to non-Diptera.
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1a > Leaf-miner: Linear
mine in sepals and leaves (Spencer, 1972b: 88, as vulnerariae ; Spencer,
1990: 125).
A
corridor, largely lower-surface, often following a vein. In the
end a short upper-surface corridor or small blotch. Pupation outside
the mine. |
On Anthyllis in Britain and this and other Fabaceae elsewhere.
Known only from Devon in Britain and continental Europe.
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Phytomyza
brischkei Hendel, 1922 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: Mine in leaf. |
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2a > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short
lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972:
51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976:
270, 271 (fig. 486)).
Branched,
whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib;
side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing
more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long
strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow,
tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise
is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor
is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation
outside the mine.
A
linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and
showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings. |
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Polyphagous. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families, but not yet on Anthyllis, in Britain,. Widespread
throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
2b > Leaf-miner: Corridor leaf-mine in leaves. An upper surface linear mine
with frass in conspicuous greenish strips, largely alternating at
each side of the channel (Spencer,
1976: 241).
Upper-surface,
unbranched corridor, relatively broad from the start on, but only
weakly widening subsequently. The fresh mine is bright green, but
turns whitish, later brown, quickly. Frass in a wide green band
in the centre of the corridor, with small black granules at either
side. Pupation outside the mine.
Forms
an upper surface mine, with the frass in a green strips. |
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Liriomyza congesta puparium
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
Polyphagous. On numerous genera of Fabaceae, including Anthyllis, in Britain
and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland and widespread and common throughout most of Europe
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Liriomyza
congesta (Becker, 1903) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
2c > Leaf-miner: A
narrow linear mine adjoining the leaf margin in the first instar,
which later develops into an irregular blotch with conspicuous lumps
of greenish frass (Spencer, 1976:
302).
The
first instar larva makes a narrow upper-surface corridor along the
leaf margin. After it has moulted it begins a large upper-surface
blotch. Frass in conspicuous green lumps, that can run out irregularly.
Pupation outside the mine.
Forms
a narrow linear mine by the margin of the leaf which later develops
into a blotch. The blotch has clumps of greenish frass. |
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On Astragalus and Colutea, but not yet on Anthyllis, in Britain and Anthyllis, Astragalus, Cicer, Colutea, Coronilla, Cytisus, Lathyrus, Oxytropis,
Securinega and Vicia elsewhere. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Phytoliriomyza
variegata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
2d > Leaf-miner: A short, irregular, linear upper surface mine on any part of the
leaf. Also recorded from young pods (Bland, 1997a).
Long
corridor mine. As a rule the first part of the mine is lower-surface,
the later part upper-surface. Often the loops are so dense that
a secondary blotch is the result. Because upper- and lower-surface
corridor segments often cross, the mine obtains a strange array
of transparant patches. There is no association with the midrib.
Frass in strings and thread fragments. Pupation outside the mine;
exit slit in upper epidermis.
Mine not associated with the veins or midrib of the leaf (It is this character which enables distinction from another Agromyzid pest species - Liriomyza huidobriensis). The larvae may leave one leaf (if not large enough) and enter another leaf, via the petiole). It exits the leaf to pupate through a semi-circular slit in the upper surface of the leaf. |
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Polyphagous. On 119 plant genera in 31 plant families of which only 4 plant genera in 2 plant families, but not yet on Anthyllis, in Britain. Local, probably introduced
to Britain. Widespread in continental Europe particularly in Botanical
Gardens and glasshouses. Also recorded in Egypt.
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Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach, 1858) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
2e > Leaf-miner: The
mine starts as a long, narrow, winding corridor running towards
the midrib, widening to a blotch. Usually upper-surface, but in
small leaves also full-depth parts may occur. The blotch has broad
lobes; in their ends most frass is accumulated in the form of green
patches or clouds. Sometimes several larvae share mine. Pupation
usually in the soil, less often in the leaf (and then generally
not in the mine itself but in a small separated mine, that may even
be made in the petiole). |

Mine of Scaptomyza graminum on Cerastium glomeratum
Image: © Jean-Yves Baugnée (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
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On
? Amaranthus, Cerastium, Lychnis, Myosoton, Nasturtium, Silene, Stellaria, Atriplex,
? Anthyllis, ? Lupinus,
? Medicago, ? Montia and ? Antirrhinum in Britain.
On Amaranthus, Lepidium, Moricandia, ? Rorippa, Agrostemma, Arenaria, Cerastium, Corrigiola, Cucubalus, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Moehringia, Myosoton, Polycarpon, Saponaria, Silene, Spergularia, Stellaria, Vaccaria, Viscaria, Atriplex, Beta, Chenopodium, Obione, Salicornia, Spinacia, Anthyllis, Lupinus, Medicago, Allium, Montia, Portulaca and Antirrhinum elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.
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Scaptomyza
graminum (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Drosophilidae]. |
2f > Leaf-miner: Corridor-blotch
mine, normally dorsal; usually whitish; in small leaves it lies
characteristically in the centre of the leaf often touching the
petiole; in larger leaves it lies to one side of the mid-rib. Frass
deposited in green clumps near the leaf margin. Pupation usually
external, sometimes in a separate pupation mine.
Oviposition
whitin the leaf, at the lower surface. The first part of the mine
is a long, sometimes very long, corridor, that mostly will be overrun
by the later developments. Generally this corridor is directed,
frequently guided by a thick vein, to the midrib. The next section
of the mine is large, irregular blotch overlying the basal section
of the midrib. Locally large chunks of midrib tissue are consumed.
From this central blotch excursions are made into the leaf blade:
generally upper-surface, less often lower-surface and locally full-depth.
In plants with narrow leaves, like Diplotaxis, the mine may
occupy the entire width of the leaf. Often several larvae together
in a mine. Frass blackish green, powdery, in clouds, sometimes along
the sides of the corridors, later more in the periphery of the mine
and in the end of extensions of the blotch, sometimes seemingly
absent. (Often the frass can only be seen after the mine has been
opened). Pupation generally in the ground, rarely within he leaf,
in a short mine without frass. Hendel (1928a) described the biology,
larva and puparium.
An initial narrow gallery then leads to a blotch on the midrib of the leaf.
Watch a video of a scaptomyzid fly larva on Arabidopsis on YouTube by mash92587. |
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Polyphagous. On numerous genera of Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Papaveraceae, Resedaceae, Tropaeolaceae and Violaceae, including Alliaria, Barbarea, Brassica, Cheiranthus, Cochlearia, Coincyia, Conringia, Diplotaxis, ? Eruca, Erysimum, ? Hesperis. Lepidium, Matthiola, Raphanus, ? Rorippa and Sinapis, but not yet on Anthyllis, in Britain. On additional genera of these families and Fabaceae elsewhere. Widespread, from Caithness in the north to Cornwall in the south of Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland, Europe, the East Palaearctic, Near East and Neartic Region.
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Scaptomyza flava (Fallén, 1823) [Diptera: Drosophilidae]. |
2g > Leaf-miner: Larva
producing a short narrow linear mine not associated with the margin,
which then develops into a conspicuous white blotch centred on the
mid-rib. At the end of feeding the larva lies for one or two days
along the mid-rib. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972b: 37 (fig. 114b); Spencer,
1976: 126, fig. 213A).
Broad
and short hook-like upper-surface corridor, ending in a little blotch
in the centre of a leaflet. The blotch is upper-surface as well,
but has some deep spots, giving the mine a mottled appearance when
hold against the light. Frass in the blotch in a few large lumps.
Pupation outside the mine.
A
short, broad gallery leading to a conspicuous, roundish white blotch
in the centre of the leaf. The blotch is upper surface with full
depth spots - comprising of large clumps of frass.
Puparium reddish |
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On Medicago, Melilotus and Trifolium, but not yet on Anthyllis, in Britain and
in addition other genera of Fabaceae elsewhere. Common and widely
distributed in England. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread and common throughout Europe.
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Agromyza
nana Meigen, 1830 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
Key for the identification of the known mines of British
non-Diptera recorded on
Anthyllis
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Leaf-miner: The
first generation initially forms an unmistakable leaf-mine on Anthyllis
vulneraria, but the second generation feeds on the flowers.
Feeding signs on other plants vary in appearance. Larvae can move
between sewn leaves, and more than one larva may be found together. Larvae
in a small full depth blotch, often with extensions. Frass concentrated
in one corner of the mine. The mining activities may cause the leaf
to roll inwards. Older larvae live free among spun leaves, but still
they may make then full depth mines by feeding on the leaf tissue
from a small opening.
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Aproaerema anthyllidella larva, dorsal
Image: © Steve Wullaert (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
On Anthyllis, Medicago, Onobrychis, Ononis and Trifolium in Britain and Anthyllis, Chamaecytisus, Coronilla, Cysisus,
Dorycnium, Galega, Glycine, Hymenocarpos, Lathyrus,
Lotus, Medicago, Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ononis, Ornithopus, Oxytropis, Phaseolus, Psoralea, Trifolium, Trigonella and Vicia elsewhere. Britain including the Channel Is. and Northern Ireland.
Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental
Europe.
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Aproaerema
anthyllidella (Hübner, 1813) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: In the first instar the larva mines the leaves, forming short,
irregular, blotch-like mines, but in later instars it lives externally,
feeding in spun leaves and often twisting those of tender shoots. Larval head light-brown or yellowish brown, edged with black postero-laterally,
ocellar area blackish; prothoracic plate black edged with whitish
anteriorly; abdomen dull dark green; pinacula distinct, black,
sometimes brownish but with black bases to setae; anal plate large,
black (Bradley et al., 1973).
Small,
full depth mine without a definite shape; little frass. Some silk
is deposited in the mine. The larva soon leaves the mine and continues
feeding among spun leaves. |
Polyphagous. On numerous genera and species of plant families, but not yet
on Anthyllis, in Britain. On numerous genera
and species of plant families including Anthyllis elsewhere.
Widespread in Britain and continental Europe. Also recorded from
the Channel Is.
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Cnephasia
incertana (Treitschke, 1835) [Lepidoptera: Tortricidae]. |
1c > Leaf-miner: Oviposition on the leaf underside. The mine begins
as a long corridor with a very broad, green frass line. This corridor
suddenly widens into a broad blotch, that in the end may occupy
almost an entire leaflet. The blotch generally begins in the leaf
base, and it is here that most frass is concentrated. Shortly before
pupation the larva leaves its mine through an exit slit in the lower
epidermis. After the mine has been vacated the leaflet drops off. |
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On Lotus corniculatus and Lotus pendunculatus, but not yet
on Anthyllis, in Britain
and Anthyllis, Coronilla, Hippocrepis, Lotus and Securigera
elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Trifurcula
cryptella (Stainton, 1856) [Lepidoptera:
Nepticulidae]. |
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