Leaf-miner: A short, irregular, linear upper surface mine on any part of the
leaf. Also recorded from young pods (Bland, 1997a).
Long
corridor mine. As a rule the first part of the mine is lower-surface,
the later part upper-surface. Often the loops are so dense that
a secondary blotch is the result. Because upper- and lower-surface
corridor segments often cross, the mine obtains a strange array
of transparant patches. There is no association with the midrib.
Frass in strings and thread fragments. Pupation outside the mine;
exit slit in upper epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Mine not associated with the veins or midrib of the leaf (It is this character which enables distinction from another Agromyzid pest species - Liriomyza huidobriensis). The larvae may leave one leaf (if not large enough) and enter another leaf, via the petiole). It exits the leaf to pupate through a semi-circular slit in the upper surface of the leaf (British
leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by Dempewolf (2001:
148) and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Pale yellowish-brown; posterior spiracles each with an ellipse of
7-12 bulbs.
Adult:
 |
Wing
of Liriomyza bryoniae |
The
adult is illustrated in the Encyclopedia of Life.
Comments:
A highly polyphagous species principally mining Cucurbitaceae and
Solanaceae, although recorded on hosts in numerous other plant families.
A pest of tomatoes in glasshouses. A significant pest on several
genera of cultivated cucurbits in Europe, but rarely found on its
original host Bryonia (Spencer,
1990). Hosts cited here include 119 plant genera in 31 plant
families of which only 4 plant genera in 2 plant families are records
in Britain.
A
serious pest in the Mediterranean area of tomatoes and has been
recorded as a pest of tomatoes in glasshouses in England, The Netherlands
and Denmark. In France tomatoes, melon, cucumber and lettuce have
been attacked (Spencer, 1973a).
A major pest species on a large range of species, which forms irregular
twisting mines, which are not associated with the veins or midrib
of the leaf (It is this character which enables distinction from
another Agromyzid pest species - Liriomyza
huidobrensis). The larvae may leave one leaf (if not large
enough) and enter another leaf, via the petiole). It exits the leaf
to pupate through a semi-circular slit in the upper surface of the
leaf. Highly polyphagous and mainly restricted to greenhouses and
botanical gardens, where it is a particular pest of Tomatoes. Large
infestations can cause reduced fruit yield and even death of the
plant (British
leafminers)
In
Northern Ireland Liriomyza bryoniae is listed in the European
Community Plant Health Directive (2000/29/EC). As a non-native notifiable
pest species, its occurence in the United Kingdom should be notified
immediately to the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (tel: +44
(0) 1904 462000, e-mail: info@fera.gsi.gov.uk
) However, in order to be certain of the identity, the male genitalia
should be critically examined. Diagnostic protocols may be found
at /protocols/liriomyza.pdf
- See also Collins (1996).
Bland
(1997a) records mines of bryoniae
in young seed pods of Pisum
sativum - mangetout purchased in Scotland - which, from enquiries
he made, suggested came from southern France.
Minkenberg
and Lenteren (1986)
review the hosts and parasites of Liriomyza bryoniae.
Arabis
glabra is treated as Turritis
glabra (Tower Mustard) and Lycopersicon
esculentum is treated as Solanum
lycopersicum (Tomato) by Stace (2010).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae,
Apiaceae, Asteraceae,
Basellaceae,
Brassicaceae,
Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Fabaceae, Gentianaceae,
Hydrophyllaceae, Lamiaceae,
Loasaceae, Malvaceae,
Oxalidaceae,
Pedaliaceae,
Piperaceae, Plantaginaceae,
Polemoniaceae,
Primulaceae,
Scrophulariaceae,
Solanaceae, Valerianaceae
and Verbenaceae.
Time
of year - mines: June -September (British
leafminers)
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Local, probably introduced.
Surrey (Kew Gardens), Hertfordshire (Cheshunt), Sussex (Worthing) (Spencer, 1972b: 52), Channel Is. (Fauna Europaea). As far north as East Yorkshire in glasshouses where tomato,
pepper and less often, cucumber are grown (Dom Collins, pers.
comm.). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe particularly in
Botanical Gardens and glasshouses. France, Denmark, Finland, Norway,
Sweden (Spencer, 1976: 234),
The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (de
Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991), Germany (Dempewolf (2001:
148), Albania, the Ukraine and the Caucasus (Spencer,
1976: 234), Lithuania (Ostrauskas,
Pakalniskis and Taluntyte, 2003), Austria, Azores, Belarus,
Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia,
European Turkey, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Malta,
Republic of Moldova, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Sicily, Slovenia,
Spanish mainland and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).
Also
known in Egypt (Spencer, 1976:
234). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Alisma
plantago-aquatica, Alliaria
petiolata, Antirrhinum
majus, Anthyllis
vulneraria, Apium
graveolens, Arabis
glabra (= Turritis
glabra), Amoracia
rusticana, Atropa
belladonna, Barbarea
vulgaris, Beta
vulgaris subsp. maritima, Bryonia
cretica, Capsicum
annuum, Chenopodium
botrys, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Callistephus
chinensis,
Centaurea nigra,
Centranthus ruber, Chorispora
tenella, Cirsium
arvense,
Citrullus lanatus, Coriandrum
sativum, Coronilla
emerus, Coronilla
scorpioides, Cucumis
melo, Cucumis
sativus, Cucurbita
pepo, Cymbalaria
muralis, Dahlia
pinnata, Datura
stramonium,
Galega officinalis, Galeopsis
tetrahit, Galinsoga
parviflora,
Gypsophila paniculata, Hesperis
matronalis,
Hibiscus trionum, Hydrocotyle
vulgaris, Hyoscyamus
niger, Kickxia
elatine, Kickxia
spuria, Lactuca
sativa, Lagenaria
siceraria, Lathyrus
japonicus, Lathyrus
niger, Lathyrus
tuberosus, Lathyrus
vernus,
Lavatera olbia,
Lens culinaris, Linaria
purpurea, Linaria
vulgaris, Levisticum
officinale,
Lupinus angustifolius, Lupinus
luteus, Lupinus
nootkatensis, Lupinus
polyphyllus, Lycium
barbarum, Lycium
chinense, Lycopersicon
esculentum (= Solanum
lycopersicum), Malva
neglecta, Medicago
scutellata, Melilotus
albus, Melilotus
indicus, Melilotus
officinalis, Mercurialis
annua, Nicandra
physalodes, Nicotiana
alata, Nicotiana
x sanderae, Nicotiana
tabacum,
Ononis spinosa, Oxytropis
campestris, Oxalis
acetosella,
Petunia axillaris x hybrida, Phaseolus
coccineus, Phaseolus
vulgaris, Physalis
alkekengi, Physalis
peruviana, Pisum
sativum,
Plantago afra, Plantago
arenaria, Plantago
major, Primula
auricula, Raphanus
sativus, Ricinus
communis, Scrophularia
nodosa,
Sedum telephium, Sedum
spectabile, Sinapis
alba, Sisymbrium
irio, Sisymbrium officinale,
Solanum dulcamara, Solanum
villosum, Solanum
nigrum,
Solanum tuberosum, Sonchus
asper,
Spinacia oleracea, Stellaria
media, Trifolium
hybridum, Trifolium
incarnatum, Trifolium
ochroleucon, Trifolium
pannonicum, Trigonella
caerulea, Trigonella
foenum-graecum, Tropaeolum
majus,
Tropaeolum peregrinum, Verbascum
blattaria, Verbascum
creticum, Verbascum
densiflorum, Verbascum
phlomoides, Vicia
benghalensis, Vicia
faba, Vicia
narbonensis, Vicia
villosa
|
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Chrysocharis
pentheus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Pediobius
metallicus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Diglyphus
isaea (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
minoeus (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cyrtogaster
vulgaris Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Halticoptera
circulus (Walker, 1833) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Chorebus
daimenes (Nixon, 1945) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
hospita (Förster, 1862) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
maculipes Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
sibirica Telenga, 1935 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Opius
pallipes Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Opius pulchriceps (Szépligeti, 1898) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Phaedrotoma pulchriceps (Szépligeti, 1898) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|