Leaf-miner: An irregular serpentine mine tending to be restricted by veins within
segments of the leaf and undulating between upper and lower surface.
Corridor;
usually the mine begins with a short upper-surface stretch, then
continues lower-surface, in the sponge parenchyma. Often the mine
follows the midrib or a thick lateral vein for long distances. Most
mines are found in the basal half of the leaf. Frass in thread fragments
and strings. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).
The
mine is also illustrated in British
leafminers.
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
Posterior spiracles of the larva with 6-9 bulbs (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Puparium yellow to reddish-brown (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Video:
Liriomyza huidobrensis (Bayer CropScience)
Comments:
A highly polyphagous pest of ornamental and vegetable crops occasionally
intercepted at UK points of entry. The species has been found under
glass in England and Wales, but all populations have been and continue
to be eradicated (Dom Collins, pers. comm.). Hosts cited
here include 128 plant genera in 34 plant families.
Liriomyza
huidobrensis is listed in the European Community Plant Health
Directive (2000/29/EC). As a non-native notifiable pest species,
its occurence in the United Kingdom should be notified immediately
to the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (tel: +44 (0) 1904 462000,
e-mail: info@fera.gsi.gov.uk
) However, in order to be certain of the identity, the male genitalia
should be critically examined. Diagnostic protocols may be found
at /protocols/liriomyza.pdf
See
also Collins (1996).
Parella
and Bethke (1984)
discuss the biology of L. huidobrensis on Chrysanthemum,
Aster and pea and Prando and
Cruz (1986) discuss aspects
of its biology in the laboratory. Linden (1991)
discusses the biological control of the leafminer on Dutch glasshouse
tomatoes.
Joan
Childs discovered this miner in Pisum sativa (pea) imported
from Nicaragua, at a shop in Potton in Bedfordshire in January 2005
(British
leafminers).
Chenopodium
ambrosioides is treated as Dysphania
ambrosioides (Mexican-tea); Lycopersicon
esculentum is treated as Solanum
lycopersicum (Tomato) and Picris
echioides is treated as Helminthotheca
echioides (Bristly Oxtongue) by Stace (2010).
Hosts:
Liriomyza huidobrensis is recorded from Acanthaceae,
Aizoaceae,
Alstromeriaceae,
Amaranthaceae,
Apiaceae, Asteraceae,
Balsaminaceae,
Boraginaceae,
Brassicaceae,
Campanulaceae,
Caryophyllaceae,
Chenopodiaceae,
Cucurbitaceae,
Fabaceae, Gentianaceae,
Goodeniaceae,
Lamiaceae,
Liliaceae,
Linaceae, Malvaceae,
Oxalidaceae, Papaveraceae,
Polemoniaceae,
Primulaceae,
Ranunculaceae, Scrophulariaceae,
Valerianaceae and Violaceae.
Time
of year - mines: Currently unknown.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Found under glass in England
and Wales, but all populations have been and continue to be eradicated
(Dom Collins, pers. comm.); Surrey (NBN
Atlas).
Added
to the Irish list by O'Connor, Dunne and Hume (1990).
Joan Childs discovered this miner in Pisum sativa (pea) imported from Nicaragua, at a shop in Potton in Bedfordshire in January 2005 (British Leafminers Newsletter)
Distribution
elsewhere: Worldwide. Europe including Austria, Belgium, Canary
Is., Corsica, Crete, Cyclades Is., Cyprus, Czech Republic, Dodecanese
Is., European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland,
Hungary, Italian mainland, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese
mainland, Sicily, Spanish mainland, Switzerland and The Netherlands
(Fauna Europaea).
Native
to the Americas (Spencer, 1990).
Recorded from Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador,
Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Brazil,
Goias, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Easter Island,
Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, U.S.A.
(California, Florida, Hawaii, Utah, Virginia), Canada (Ontario),
Hawaii, Easter Island, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius, Reunion,
Seychelles, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, China, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong,
Guizhou, Hebei, Shandong, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, India, Uttar
Pradesh, Indonesia, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Israel, Japan, Korea
Dem People's Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, Comoros,
Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Zimbabwe,
Australia and Guam (CABI
Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, 2002).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Alcea
rosea, Allium
cepa, Allium
porrum, Allium
sativum, Allium
schoenoprasum, Ambrosia
artemisiifolia, Anaphalis
margaritacea, Apium
graveolens, Arctium
minus, Atriplex
patula, Bellis
perennis, Beta
vulgaris, Bidens
pilosa, Borago
officinalis, Brassica
napus, Brassica
oleracea, Brassica
rapa, Calendula
officinalis, Callistephus
chinensis, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Capsicum
annuum, Carthamus
tinctorius, Chenopodium
album, Chenopodium
ambrosioides (= Dysphania
ambrosioides), Cichorium endivia, Cicer
arietinum, Cichorium
intybus,
Cirsium arvense, Citrullus
lanatus, Coriandrum
sativum, Cucumis
melo, Cucumis
sativus, Cucurbita
maxima, Cucurbita
pepo, Dahlia pinnata, Datura
stramonium, Daucus
carota, Dianthus
barbatus, Dianthus
caryophyllus, Galega
officinalis, Galinsoga
ciliata, Galinsoga
quadriradiata, Glycine
max, Gypsophila
elegans, Gypsophila
paniculata,
Lactuca sativa, Lathyrus
latifolius, Lathyrus
odoratus, Linum
usitatissimum, Lycopersicon
esculentum, Medicago
sativa, Melilotus
indicus, Nicotiana
alata, Papaver
rhoeas, Pastinaca
sativa, Petroselinum
sativum, Petunia
axillaris x hybrida, Phaseolus
coccineus, Phaseolus
vulgaris, Picris
echioides (= Helminthotheca
echioides), Pisum
sativum, Primula
vulgaris, Raphanus
sativus, Senecio
jacobaea, Solanum
nigrum, Solanum
tuberosum, Sonchus
oleraceus, Spinacia
oleracea, Tagetes
erecta, Tagetes
tenuifolia, Taraxacum
officinale, Tetragonia
tetragonoides, Tropaeolum
majus, Vaccaria
pyramidata, Vicia
faba, Viola
tricolor |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Chrysocharis
orbicularis (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pentheus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood, 1833) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Pediobius
metallicus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös, 1958 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
isaea (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
minoeus (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus poppoea Walker, 1848 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Hemiptarsenus
ornatus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio
soemius (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cyrtogaster
vulgaris Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Halticoptera
circulus (Walker, 1833) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Halticoptera
patellana (Dalman, 1818) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Xestomnaster
chrysochlorus (Walker, 1846) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Dacnusa
confinis Ruthe, 1859 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
hospita (Förster, 1862) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
sibirica Telenga, 1935 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Bracon
intercessor Nees, 1834 |
Braconidae: Braconinae |
Opius
pallipes Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Opius pygmaeator (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|