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(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
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APIUM.
Wild Celery, Fool's-water-cress and Marshworts. [Apiaceae]
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Four
species and two subspecies of Apium are recorded in Britain - Wild Celery (A.
graveolens), Fool's-water-cress (A. nodiflorum), Lesser
Marshwort (A. inundatum) and Creeping Marshwort (A. repens). The BSBI provide a downloadable plant crib for Apium.
Creeping
Marshwort (A. repens) is protected under Schedule 8 of the
Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981.
Four British miners are recorded on Apium.
A key to the European miners recorded on
Apium is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. |
Key for the identification of the known mines of British
insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on Apium
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1a > Leaf-miner: A large blotch, yellow or brown, preceded by a short corridor that
in the end mostly is completely overrun. Generally several larvae
share a mine. Especially in fresh mines the green primary and secondary
feeding lines are well visible. Pupation outside the mine.
Hering
(1957a) warns that the mines
cannot be separated from those of the rare Cryptaciura rotundiventris.
Mine is deep and leads to a blotch, which is usually coloured yellow or brown (British
leafminers) |
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Euleia heraclei pupariria
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
Polyphagous. On numerous genera of Apiaceae and possibly some Asteraceae, including Apium, in Britain
and elsewhere. Throughout the British Isles. Also recorded in
the Republic of Ireland and most of the Palaearctic region, as
far east as Afghanistan.
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Euleia
heraclei (Linnaeus, 1758) [Diptera: Tephritidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner: A short, irregular, linear upper surface mine on any part of the
leaf. Also recorded from young pods (Bland, 1997a).
Long
corridor mine. As a rule the first part of the mine is lower-surface,
the later part upper-surface. Often the loops are so dense that
a secondary blotch is the result. Because upper- and lower-surface
corridor segments often cross, the mine obtains a strange array
of transparant patches. There is no association with the midrib.
Frass in strings and thread fragments. Pupation outside the mine;
exit slit in upper epidermis.
Mine not associated with the veins or midrib of the leaf (It is this character which enables distinction from another Agromyzid pest species - Liriomyza huidobriensis). The larvae may leave one leaf (if not large enough) and enter another leaf, via the petiole). It exits the leaf to pupate through a semi-circular slit in the upper surface of the leaf. |
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Polyphagous. On 119 plant genera in 31 plant families of which only 4 plant genera in 2 plant families, but not yet on Apium, in Britain. Local, probably introduced
to Britain. Widespread in continental Europe particularly in Botanical
Gardens and glasshouses. Also recorded in Egypt.
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Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach, 1858) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1c > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short
lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972:
51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976:
270, 271 (fig. 486)).
Branched,
whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib;
side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing
more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long
strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow,
tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise
is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor
is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation
outside the mine.
A
linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and
showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings. |
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Polyphagous. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families, but not yet on Apium, in Britain including Cirsium. Widespread
throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1d > Leaf-miner: The larvae are often gregarious and feed on the underside of the leaf causing a 'windowing' effect as they eat the mesophyll and lower epidermis. This effect can be seen from the top of the
leaf as it discolours. Short,
small, irregular, sometimes widened corridor. Mostly a number in
a leaf, concentrated in the axils of the midrib and the primary
side veins. Each larva makes a number of mines. Often the larva
protrudes with its rear end out of the mine, causing most frass
to be ejected. While moving, at the leaf underside, silken threads
are produced, in wich grains of frass may be trapped. Older larvae
live free and cause window feeding, often in a group under a light
spinning. |
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Polyphagous. On Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus sylvestris, Daucus carota, Heracleum sphondylium and Heracleum sativa, but not yet
on Apium, in Britain and Aegopodium podagraria,
Angelica archangelica subsp. litoralis, Angelica sylvestris, Anthriscus
caucalis, Anthriscus cerefolium, Anthriscus sylvestris, Apium
graveolens, Berula erecta, Carum carvi, Chaerophyllum hirsutum,
Chaerophyllum temulum, Cicuta virosa, Conium maculatum, Daucus
carota, Heracleum sphondylium, Levisticum officinale, Oenanthe,
Pastinaca sativa, Peucedanum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Seseli libanotis,
Silaum, Sium latifolium, Sison amomum and Torilis elsewhere.
Widespread in Britain and continental Europe.
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Epermenia
chaerophyllella (Goeze, 1783) [Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae]. |
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