Leaf-miner: The
mine begins as a long, quite narrow corridor, usually not far from
the tip of a leaf segment. Usually this corridor follows the leaf
margin for some distance, but it may also run freely through the
blade and may then be stongly contorted. In the end the corridor
is directed towards the midrib, where an elongated blotch is formed,
overlying the midrib and some of the larger lateral veins. Frass
in a nearly continuous line in the initial corridor, in scattered
lumps in the later part of the mine. Primary and secondary feeding
lines very conspicuous when seen in transparancy. Pupation outside
the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).
The mine starts as a very narrow corridor, usually close to the tip of a leaf segment and following the leaf margin. The later section of the corridor approaches the main vein, where an elongated blotch is made with long broad finger like extensions that lay over the secondary veins. In the initial corridor the frass forms an almost continuous line, in the blotch it is distributed in large scattered lumps. In fresh mines the secondary feeding lines are clearly visible (British
leafminers).
The
mine is also illustrated in the Encyclopedia of Life.
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by Vos-de Wilde (1935)
and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Yellow; anterior spiracle openings arranged in large arcs, not elevated
on a fan-like structure; posterior spiracles each with a central
opening larger and more raised than the lateral openings (White,
1988: 63). The pupraium is illustrated in the Encyclopedia of Life and Bladmineerders van Europa.
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in the Encyclopedia of Life.
Comments:
There is a unconfirmed published record of zoe on Phlox,
but this is not considered normal (White,
1988: 63). Uffen in Chandler
(1978) did not indicate whether his host records were British or
Foreign and is therefore included under 'Hosts in Britain' and 'Hosts
elsewhere'.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Asteraceae |
|
|
|
|
?
Artemisia
|
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Artemisia |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
?
Artemisia |
absinthium
|
Wormwood |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 119 |
Artemisia |
vulgaris
|
Mugwort |
 |
British
leafminers |
Artemisia |
vulgaris
|
Mugwort |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Artemisia |
vulgaris
|
Mugwort |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 119 |
Aster |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Aster |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 112 |
Aster |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
?
Aster |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Aster |
novi-belgii
|
Confused
Michaelmas-daisy |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
?
Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Eupatorium |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 114 |
?
Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Eupatorium |
cannabinum
|
Hemp-agrimony |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Helianthus |
annuus
|
Sunflower |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Helianthus |
rigidus
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Leucanthemum |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 116, as Chrysanthemum maximum |
Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
 |
White,
1988: 63, as Chrysanthemum maximum |
Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
 |
Mines
in BMNH, as Chrysanthemum maximum |
?
Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
 |
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222,
as Chrysanthemum maximum |
Petasites |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Petasites |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 111 |
?
Petasites |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Petasites |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Petasites |
fragans |
Winter
Aconite |
 |
Pitkin & Plant |
Senecio |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Senecio |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 110 |
?
Senecio |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Senecio |
erucifolius
|
Hoary
Ragwort |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Senecio |
jacobaea
|
Common
Ragwort |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Senecio |
jacobaea
|
Common
Ragwort |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Senecio |
macrophilus
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Senecio |
squalidus
|
Oxford
Ragwort |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Senecio |
squalidus
|
Oxford
Ragwort |
 |
Robbins,
1991: |
Senecio |
squalidus
|
Oxford
Ragwort |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Senecio |
vulgaris
|
Groundsel |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Senecio |
vulgaris
|
Groundsel |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Tanacetum |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Tanacetum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 117 |
?
Tanacetum |
parthenium
|
Feverfew |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Tussilago |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Tussilago |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 111 |
?
Tussilago |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Tussilago |
farfara
|
Colt's-foot |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Hosts elsewhere:
Asteraceae |
|
|
|
|
Achillea |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Achillea |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Achillea |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Adenostyles |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Adenostyles |
alliariae |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Adenostyles |
alpina |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Anthemis |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Arctium |
lappa
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
?
Artemisia
|
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Artemisia |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Artemisia |
absinthium
|
Wormwood |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Artemisia |
vulgaris
|
Mugwort |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Aster |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Aster |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Chrysanthemum |
indicum |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Coleostephus |
clausonis |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Doronicum |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Doronicum |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Doronicum |
orientale |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Doronicum |
pardalianches |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Eupatorium |
cannabinum
|
Hemp-agrimony |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Helianthus |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Helianthus |
tubersosus
|
Jerusalem
Artichoke |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
?
Lactuca |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Lactuca |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Leucanthemum |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Leucanthemum |
atratum |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Leucanthemum |
vulgare
|
Oxeye
Daisy |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Leucanthemum |
vulgare
|
Oxeye
Daisy |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
 |
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222,
as Chrysanthemum maximum |
Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa, as Chrysanthemum maximum
|
Ligularia |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Matricaria |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Matricaria |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Matricaria |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Mycelis |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Mycelis |
muralis
|
Wall
Lettuce |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
?
Petasites |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Petasites |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Petasites |
albus
|
White
Butterbur |
 |
White,
1988: 63 |
Petasites |
albus |
White
Butterbur |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Petasites |
hybridus
|
Butterbur |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Senecio |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
Senecio |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Senecio |
cordatus |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Senecio |
erucifolius |
Hoary
Ragwort |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Senecio |
germanicus |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Senecio |
integrifolius
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Senecio |
jacobaea |
Common
Ragwort |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Senecio |
nemorensis |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Senecio |
squalidus |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Senecio |
sylvaticus |
Heath
Groundsel |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Senecio |
vulgaris |
Groundsel |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Tanacetum |
parthenium |
Feverfew |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Tanacetum |
vulgare
|
Tansy |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Tussilago |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Tussilago |
|
|
|
Uffen
in Chandler, 1978: 222 |
?
Tussilago |
|
|
|
White,
1988: 63 |
Tussilago |
farfara
|
Colt's-foot |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Lamiaceae |
|
|
|
|
Ajuga |
reptans
|
Bugle |
 |
Bland
and Rotheray, 1994 |
Time
of year - mines: May-July, September.
Time
of year - adults: April-May and June-August.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Throughout the British Isles,
more common in the south than the north (White,
1988: 63), including Warwickshire (Birmingham and Coventry)
(Robbins, 1991), Roxburgh
(Avenel Hill) (Bland and
Rotheray, 1994: 80); Breconshire, Carmarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Durham, East Norfolk,
Easterness, Elgin, Glamorgan, Hertfordshire,
Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Merionethshire, North Essex, North Somerset, Nottinghamshire, Renfrewshire,
Shropshire, South Hampshire, South Lancashire, South-east Yorkshire,
South-west Yorkshire,
Surrey, West Gloucestershire, West Kent, West Norfolk, West Sutherland and Westmorland (NBN
Atlas).
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including The Netherlands
(Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (Leclercq
and de Bruyn, 1991) and the European part of the [former]
U.S.S.R. (White, 1988: 63). See also Pape & Beuk. See also Fauna Europaea.
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Achillea
millefolium, Ajuga
reptans, Arctium
lappa, Artemisia
absinthium, Artemisia
vulgaris, Aster
novi-belgii, Doronicum
pardalianches, Eupatorium
cannabinum, Helianthus
tuberosus, Leucanthemum
x superbum, Leucanthemum
vulgare, Mycelis
muralis, Petasites
albus, Petasites
fragrans, Petasites
hybridus, Senecio
erucifolius, Senecio
integrifolius, Senecio
jacobaea, Senecio
nemorensis, Senecio
squalidus, Senecio
sylvaticus, Senecio
vulgaris, Tanacetum
parthenium, Tanacetum
vulgare, Tussilago
farfara |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
|