|
Leaf-miner: See syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
See syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau).
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
See syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau).
Comments:
Two highly polyphagous species of Chromatomyia, with indistinguishable
mines, have been recorded in Britain. These are syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau). Griffiths (1967b),
after critical examination of male genitalia, confirmed that the
hosts of syngenesiae are almost exclusively genera of Asteraceae, with just two exceptions,
one on Daucus [Apiaceae]
in Denmark and the other on Pisum
[Fabaceae] in California, U.S.A. C.
horticola mines numerous plant families including Asteraceae.
The two species can only be distinguished by the structure of the
male genitalia.
British
records of syngenesiae,
horticola or
'atricornis' on hosts
other than Asteraceae in Britain, are assumed to represent horticola.
British
records of horticola and syngenesiae on Asteraceae hosts not based on examination of the genitalia of
associated males are treated here as Chromatomyia
'atricornis' and may represent either horticola or syngenesiae.
Hosts
cited here include 55 plant genera in the family Asteraceae worldwide
and 31 plant genera in Britain.
As
the mines of horticola and syngenesiae are indistinguishable, the chalcidoid parasitoids recorded from
these two species are listed below, as 'atricornis', horticola and/or syngenesiae.
Chrysanthemum
segetum is treated as Glebionis
segetum (Corn Marigold) and Picris
echioides is treated as Helminthotheca
echioides (Bristly Oxtongue) by Stace (2010).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
| Asteraceae |
|
|
|
|
| Achillea |
filipendulina
|
Fern-leaf
Yarrow |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 115, as horticola |
| Achillea |
millefolium
|
Yarrow |
|
Robbins,
1991: 115, as horticola |
| Achillea |
millefolium
|
Yarrow |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 111, as syngenesiae |
| Achillea |
ptarmica
|
Sneezewort |
|
Robbins,
1991: 115, as horticola |
| Achillea |
ptarmica
|
Sneezewort |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Achillea |
ptarmica
|
Sneezewort |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 111, as syngenesiae |
| Achillea |
sibirica
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Ageratum |
houstonianum
|
Flossflower |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Anthemis |
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Anthemis |
cotula
|
Stinking
Chamomile |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Anthemis |
cotula
|
Stinking
Chamomile |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 111, as syngenesiae |
| Arctium |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 119, as syngenesiae |
| Arctium |
lappa |
Greater
Burdock |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 111, as syngenesiae |
| Artemisia |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983: 25, as horticola |
| Artemisia |
absinthium
|
Wormwood |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Artemisia |
vulgaris
|
Mugwort |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Artemisia |
vulgaris
|
Mugwort |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 111, as syngenesiae |
| Artemisia |
vulgaris
|
Mugwort |
|
Robbins,
1991: 119, as syngenesiae |
| Aster |
novae-angliae
|
Hairy
Michaelmas-daisy |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Aster |
novae-angliae
|
Hairy
Michaelmas-daisy |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 111, as syngenesiae |
| ?
Bidens |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 109, as horticola |
| Bidens |
cernua
|
Nodding
Bur-marigold |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Bidens |
tripartita
|
Trifid
Bur-marigold |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Bidens |
tripartita
|
Trifid
Bur-marigold |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 112, as syngenesiae |
| Centaurea
|
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983: 25, as horticola |
| Centaurea
|
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983-7, as syngenesiae |
| Centaurea
|
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 122, as horticola |
| Centaurea
|
cyanus
|
Cornflower |
|
Pitkin & Plant, as syngenesiae |
| Centaurea
|
cyanus
|
Cornflower |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 112, as syngenesiae |
| Centaurea
|
montana
|
Perennial
Cornflower |
|
Robbins,
1991: 122, as horticola |
| Centaurea
|
jacea
|
Brown
Knapweed |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Centaurea
|
nigra
|
Common
Knapweed |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Centaurea
|
nigra
|
Common
Knapweed |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 112, as syngenesiae |
| Centaurea
|
scabiosa
|
Greater
Knapweed |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Centaurea
|
scabiosa
|
Greater
Knapweed |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 112, as syngenesiae |
| Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983-7, as syngenesiae |
| Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 116, as syngenesiae |
| Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983: 26, as horticola |
| Chrysanthemum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 116, as horticola |
| Chrysanthemum |
argyrophyllum |
|
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Chrysanthemum |
morifolium
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Chrysanthemum |
parthenium
|
Feverfew |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Cicerbita |
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Cichorium |
intybus
|
Chicory |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Cichorium |
intybus
|
Chicory |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 112, as syngenesiae |
| Cirsium |
arvense
|
Creeping
Thistle |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 112, as syngenesiae |
| Cirsium |
vulgare
|
Spear Thistle |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Cirsium |
vulgare
|
Spear Thistle |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 113, as syngenesiae |
| Crepis |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 124, as horticola |
| Cynara |
scolymus |
Globe
Artichoke |
|
Pitkin & Plant, as horticola |
| Dahlia |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 109, as horticola |
| Echinops |
banaticus
|
Blue
Globe-thistle |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Echinops |
banaticus
|
Blue
Globe-thistle |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 113, as syngenesiae |
| Erigeron |
canadensis
|
Canadian
Fleabane |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Erigeron |
canadensis
|
Canadian
Fleabane |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 113, as syngenesiae |
| Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983: 26, as horticola |
| Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 113, as syngenesiae |
| Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Eupatorium |
cannabinum
|
Hemp-agrimony |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 113, as syngenesiae |
| Galinsoga |
parviflora
|
Gallant-soldier |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Gazania |
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Gerbera |
jamesonii |
|
|
Pitkin & Plant, probably in error |
| Glebionis |
segetum |
Corn
Marigold |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Glebionis |
segetum |
Corn
Marigold |
|
Mines
in BMNH, as syngenesiae |
| Helianthus |
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Helianthus |
rigidus
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Hieracium |
|
|
|
Spencer, 1972b: 87, as syngenesiae |
| Hieracium |
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Hieracium |
umbellatum
|
Umbellate
Hawkweed |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 113, as syngenesiae |
| Helminthotheca |
echioides |
Bristly
Oxtongue |
|
Mines
in BMNH, as Picris |
|
?
Iva
|
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Lactuca |
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Lactuca |
serriola
|
Prickly
Lettuce |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Lactuca |
virosa
|
Great
Lettuce |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Lapsana |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 124, as horticola |
| Lapsana |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 124, as syngenesiae |
| Lapsana |
communis |
Nipplewort |
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Leucanthemum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 116, as syngenesiae |
| Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
|
Mines
in BMNH, as Chrysanthemum maximum |
| Leucanthemum |
x
superbum |
Shasta
Daisy |
|
Robbins,
1991: 116, as horticola on Chrysanthemum maximum |
| Mycelis |
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant, as atricornis and horticola |
| Mycelis |
muralis
|
Wall
Lettuce |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Pericallis |
hybrida |
Cineraria |
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Picris |
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant |
|
?
Pulicaria
|
dysenterica |
?
Common Fleabane |
|
Pitkin & Plant |
| Rudbeckia |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983: 26, as horticola |
| Senecio |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983: 26, as horticola |
| Senecio |
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant, as atricornis and syngenesiae |
| Senecio |
aquaticus
|
Marsh
Ragwort |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 114, as syngenesiae |
| Senecio |
cruentatus
|
|
|
Spencer, 1972b: 114, as syngenesiae |
| Senecio |
erucifolius |
Hoary
Ragwort |
|
Pitkin & Plant, as syngenesiae |
| Senecio |
jacobaea
|
Common
Ragwort |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Senecio |
squalidus
|
Oxford
Ragwort |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Senecio |
squalidus
|
Oxford
Ragwort |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 114, as syngenesiae |
| Senecio |
sylvaticus
|
Heath
Groundsel |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Senecio |
sylvaticus
|
Heath
Groundsel |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 114, as syngenesiae |
| Senecio |
vulgaris
|
Groundsel |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Sonchus |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1983: 26, as horticola |
| Sonchus |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 121, as syngenesiae |
| Sonchus |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 121, as horticola |
| Sonchus |
arvensis
|
Perennial
Sow-thistle |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Sonchus |
asper
|
Prickly
Sow-thistle |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Sonchus |
oleraceus
|
Smooth
Sow-thistle |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Sonchus |
palustris
|
Marsh
Sow-thistle |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 115, as syngenesiae |
| Sonchus |
scorpioides
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Tanacetum |
parthenium
|
Feverfew |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Tanacetum |
parthenium
|
Feverfew |
|
Robbins,
1991: 117, as horticola |
| Tanacetum |
vulgare
|
Tansy |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Tanacetum |
vulgare
|
Tansy |
|
Robbins,
1991: 117, as horticola |
| Taraxacum |
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Taraxacum |
|
|
|
Pitkin & Plant, as atricornis and syngenesiae |
| Taraxacum |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 121, as horticola |
| Taraxacum |
officinale
|
Dandelion |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
| Taraxacum |
officinale
|
Dandelion |
|
Pitkin & Plant, as syngenesiae |
| Tripleurospermum |
maritimum
x inodora |
|
|
Spencer, 1972b: 114, as syngenesiae group |
Hosts
elsewhere:
| Asteraceae |
|
|
|
|
| Achillea
|
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 301 |
| Ambrosia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 316 |
| Anacyclus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 301 |
| Anaphalis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 273 |
| Anaphalis |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa, as
cf. syngenesiae |
| Andryala |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Anthemis |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa,
as cf. syngenesiae |
| |
|
|
|
|
| Arctium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 251 |
| Arnica |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa, as
cf. syngenesiae |
| Arnoseris |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa,
as cf. syngenesiae
|
| Asteriscus |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa, as cf. syngenesiae |
| Carlina |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 249 |
| Chondrilla |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Cicerbita |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Cnicus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 251 |
| Cynara |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 251 |
| Echinops |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 249 |
| Eupatorium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 289 |
| Filago |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 273 |
| Guizotia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 316 |
| Hieracium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Hypochaeris |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Iva |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 316 |
| Jurinea |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 251 |
| Lapsana |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Leontodon |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Leontopodium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 273 |
| Mycelis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Onopordum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 251 |
| Pulicaria |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 273 |
| Reichardia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Santolina |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 301 |
| Saussurea |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 251 |
| Serratula |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 251 |
| Telekia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 273 |
| Tragopogon |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 259 |
| Xanthium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 316 |
Time
of year - mines: See syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau).
Time
of year - adults: See syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau).
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: See syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau).
Distribution
elsewhere: See syngenesiae (Hardy) and horticola (Goureau).
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: [may include records of 'atricornis',
horticola and/or syngenesiae]
| Chalcidoidea |
|
| Aphelinus
asychis Walker, 1839 |
Aphelinidae |
| Chrysocharis elongata (Thomson, 1878) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Chrysocharis
liriomyzae Delucchi, 1954 |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Chrysocharis
orbicularis (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Chrysocharis
pentheus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Chrysocharis
pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Chrysocharis
viridis (Nees, 1934) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Closterocerus
trifasciatus Westwood, 1833 |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood, 1833) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Pediobius
metallicus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
| Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
| Diglyphus
chabrias (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
| Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös, 1958 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
| Diglyphus
isaea (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
| Diglyphus
minoeus (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
| Diglyphus poppoea Walker, 1848 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
| Pnigalio
soemius (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
| Cyrtogaster
vulgaris Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
| Panstenon oxylus (Walker, 1839) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
| Sphegigaster stepicola Boucek, 1965 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
| Urolepis maritima (Walker 1834) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
| Glyphognathus laevis (Delucchi, 1953) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
| Halticoptera
circulus (Walker, 1833) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
| Miscogaster
maculata Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
| Miscogaster
rufipes Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
| Seladerma berani (Delucchi, 1953) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
| Thinodytes cyzicus (Walker 1839) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
| Xestomnaster
chrysochlorus (Walker, 1846) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
| Epiclerus nomocerus (Masi, 1934) |
Tetracampidae: Tetracampinae |
| Epiclerus panyas (Walker, 1839) |
Tetracampidae: Tetracampinae |
| Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
| Chasmodon
apterus (Nees, 1812) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Chorebus
alecto (Morley, 1924) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Chorebus
flavipes (Goureau, 1851) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Chorebus
leptogaster (Haliday, 1839) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Chorebus
misellus (Marshall, 1895) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Chorebus
nanus (Nixon, 1943) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Dacnusa
areolaris (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Dacnusa
confinis Ruthe, 1859 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Dacnusa
laevipectus Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Dacnusa
maculipes Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Dacnusa
pubescens (Curtis, 1926) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Dacnusa
sibirica Telenga, 1935 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Exotela melanocera (Thomson, 1895) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Grammospila
rufiventris (Nees, 1812) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
| Apodesmia similis (Szépligeti, 1898) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Opius
ambiguus Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Opius
gracilis Fischer, 1957 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Opius
lugens Haliday, 1837 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Opius
pallipes Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Opius pulchriceps (Szépligeti, 1898) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Phaedrotoma diversa Szépligeti, 1898 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Phaedrotoma exigua Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
| Phaedrotoma variegata (Szépligeti, 1896) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|
