Leaf-miner: Broad
elongated mine; the form is dependent of the leaf form of the host
plant. Frass green. Usually a number of larvae together in a mine.
Pupation in the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by Nowakowski (1973),
Dempewolf (2001: 117) and illustrated
in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Shining, metallic blue-black, deeply segmented, loosely attached
by silk; posterior spiracles on conspicuous projections, each with
3 rounded bulbs (Bladmineerders van Europa). Nowakowski (1973)
and Dempewolf (2001) give
details of the puparium.
The larvae of C. incisa and C. pygmaea are easily discriminated. The oposite hold for their pupariumriua, which is unfortunate because they are found frequently (much more often then the larvae) and because they are quite conspicuous. They are deep black with a strong violet or blue metallic shine; they are lying in the mine, not in puparial chamber, but anchored to the inner wall of the mine by means of a thread. Often several pupariria are found together, and then frequently the anchor wires are fused near the point where they are attached to the plan (Bladmineerders van Europa).
De Meijere (1928) and Hering (1957a) state that the distal margin of the common base of the rear pupariria is straight or convex in incisa, concave in pygmaea. This must be related to the size of the warts at either side of the rear spiracula, small in incisa, large in pygmaea. In practice, however, I find this character difficult to use. A second character invoked by them is that the intersegmental constrictions in incisa are roughened by tiny scalelike irregularities, while those in pygmaea have minute transverse corrugations. I have the impression that this is not reliable (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Comments:
Festuca arundinacea is treated
as Schedonorus arundinacea (Tall Fescue); Festuca gigantea is treated as Schedonorus
gigantea (Giant Fescue) and Festuca
pratensis is treated as Schedonorus
pratensis (Meadow Fescue) by Stace (2010).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Poaceae |
|
|
|
|
Agrostis
|
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Agrostis |
capillaris
|
Common
Bent |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Agrostis |
stolonifera
|
Creeping
Bent |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Alopecurus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Alopecurus |
pratensis
|
Meadow
Foxtail |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Ammophila |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Ammophila |
arenaria |
Marram |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Anthoxanthum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Anthoxanthum |
odoratum
|
Sweet
Vernal-grass |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Avena |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Avena |
sativa
|
Oat
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Briza |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Bromopsis |
ramosa |
Hairy-brome |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Bromus |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Bromus |
arvensis
|
Field
Brome |
|
Spencer, 1972b: 104 |
Bromus |
arvensis
|
Field
Brome |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Bromus |
erectus
|
Upright
Brome |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Bromus |
inermis
|
Hungarian
Brome |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Bromus |
hordeaceus |
Soft
Brome |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa,
as mollis
|
Bromus |
tectorum
|
Drooping
Brome |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Calamagrostis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Calamagrostis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 196 |
Calamagrostis |
arundinacea
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Calamagrostis |
canescens
|
Purple
Small-reed |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Calamagrostis |
epigejos
|
Wood
Small-reed |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Calamagrostis |
epigejos
|
Wood
Small-reed |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 104 |
Calammophila |
baltica
|
Purple
Marram |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Dactylis |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Dactylis |
glomerata
|
Cock's-foot |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Digitaria |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Echinochloa |
crus-galli
|
Cockspur |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Elymus |
repens
|
Common
couch |
 |
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Elymus |
repens
|
Common
couch |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Elytrigia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Elytrigia |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 196 |
Festuca |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Festuca |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 196 |
Festuca |
arundinacea
|
Tall
Fescue |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Festuca |
gigantea
|
Giant
Fescue |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Festuca |
pratensis
|
Meadow
Fescue |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Hierochloe |
australis |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Holcus |
lanatus
|
Yorkshire-fog |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Holcus |
lanatus
|
Yorkshire-fog |
 |
Spencer,
1990: 354 |
Holcus |
mollis
|
Creeping
Soft-grass |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Hordeum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Hordeum |
vulgare
|
Six-rowed
Barley |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Leymus |
arenarius
|
Lime-grass |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Lolium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Lolium |
multiflorum
|
Italian
Rye-grass |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Lolium |
perenne
|
Perennial
Rye-grass |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Lolium |
perenne
|
Perennial
Rye-grass |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 104 |
Melica |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Milium |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Molinia |
caerulea
|
Purple
Moor-grass |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Phalaris |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Phalaris |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1976: 196 |
Phalaris |
arundinacea
|
Reed
Canary-grass |
 |
Dempewolf,
2001: 117 |
Phalaris |
arundinacea
|
Reed
Canary-grass |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Phleum |
pratense
|
Timothy |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Phragmites |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Phragmites |
australis
|
Common
Reed |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 104 |
Phragmites |
australis
|
Common
Reed |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Poa |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Poa |
trivialis
|
Rough
Meadow-grass |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Secale |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Secale |
cereale
|
Rye |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Setaria |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Trisetum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 355 |
Triticum |
|
|
|
Spencer,
1990: 356 |
Triticum |
aestivum
|
Bread
Wheat |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Zea |
mays |
Maize |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Time
of year - mines:
June-September, sometimes also May and October (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including
London (Hampstead), Middlesex (Scratch Wood), Oxfordshire (Oxford),
Suffolk (Chillesford), Dunbartonshire (Bonhill) (Spencer, 1972b: 104), Warwickshire (Coventry, Holbrooks) (Robbins,
1991: 136); Cambridgeshire, East Norfolk, Elgin, Pembrokeshire and South-west Yorkshire (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland: Co. Clare (Burren) (Spencer, 1972b: 104). Distribution elsewhere: Widespread and common in Europe (Spencer,
1990: 367) including Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden (Spencer,
1976: 196), The Netherlands, Luxembourg (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (Scheirs
and de Bruyn, 1992), Germany (Spencer,
1976: 554), Austria, Corsica, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,
Iceland, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia,
Spanish mainland and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).
Also
recorded in Japan (as okazakii) (Spencer,
1990: 367), U.S.A. and Canada (Spencer,
1969a: 128; Dempewolf,
2001: 117).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Agrostis
capillaris, Agrostis
stolonifera, Alopecurus
pratensis, Ammophila
arenaria, Anthoxanthum
odoratum, Avena
sativa, Bromopsis
ramosa, Bromus
arvensis, Bromus
erectus, Bromus
hordeaceus, Bromus
inermis, Bromus
tectorum, Calamagrostis
canescens, Calamagrostis
epigejos, Calammophila
baltica, Dactylis
glomerata, Echinochloa
crus-galli, Elymus
repens, Festuca
arundinacea (= Schedonorus
arundinacea), Festuca
gigantea (= Schedonorus
gigantea), Festuca
pratensis (= Schedonorus
pratensis), Holcus
lanatus, Holcus
mollis, Hordeum
vulgare, Leymus
arenarius, Lolium
multiflorum, Lolium
perenne, Molinia
caerulea, Phalaris
arundinacea, Phleum
pratense, Phragmites
australis, Poa
trivialis, Secale
cereale, Triticum
aestivum, Zea
mays |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Chrysocharis
polyzo (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
viridis (Nees, 1934) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Pediobius
metallicus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Pnigalio
soemius (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Merismus
megapterus Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Chorebus
cytherea (Nixon, 1937) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Chorebus
difficilis Griffiths, 1968 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Chorebus
poemyzae Griffiths, 1968 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Chorebus
talaris (Haliday, 1839) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Coloneura
stylata Förster, 1862 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Exotela flavicoxa (Thomson, 1895) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Exotela melanocera (Thomson, 1895) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Heterolexis
balteata (Thomson, 1895) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Opius
ambiguus Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Opius cingulatus Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Phaedrotoma rex (Fischer, 1958) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Phaedrotoma variegata (Szépligeti, 1896) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|