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(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
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ROSA.
Roses. [Rosaceae]
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There
are thirteen native species including Dog-rose (R. canina)
and seven introduced species of Rosa recorded in Britain.
Fourteen British miners are recorded on Rosa.
A key to the European miners recorded on Rosa is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa. |
Dog
Rose
Rosa canina |
Key for the identification of the known mines of British
Diptera recorded on Rosa
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Note: Diptera larvae may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, or a blotch mine, but never in a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Pupation never in a cocoon. All mining Diptera larvae are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue. In some corridor miners frass may lie in two rows on alternate sides of the mine. In order to vacate the mine the fully grown larva cuts an exit slit, which is usually semi-circular (see Liriomyza huidobrensis video). The pupa is formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
See Key to non-Diptera.
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1a > Leaf-miner: Initially
a linear mine which later develops into a conspicuous blotch; frass
in two rows in linear section, scattered irregularly in the blotch
(Spencer, 1976: 134-5, fig.
237, as potentillae).
Corridor,
gradually and considerably widening towards the end. Frass in two
rows in the corridor part, further up dispersed irregularly. Pupation
outside the mine.
A short broad upper surface corridor leading to a long blotch between veins. |
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On Agrimonia, Filipendula, Fragaria, Geum, Potentilla, Rubus and Sanguisorba, but not yet on Rosa, in Britain. On additional Rosaceae elsewhere.
Common and widespread throughout Britain. Also recorded in the
Republic of Ireland, Europe, Japan, U.S.A. and Canada.
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Agromyza idaeiana (Hardy, 1853) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b > Leaf-miner:
Mine
frequently starting along leaf margin, initially linear, later developing
into an elongate blotch, frass in two distinct rows, even at end
(Spencer, 1972b: 30, fig.
74; Spencer, 1976: 144, fig.
263A).
First
a long corridor, its initial part often along the leaf margin or
a thick vein. Rather suddenly the corridor widens into a broad blotch.
The corridor contains much, amorphous frass that sometimes seems
to fill the entire corridor (lower picture). In the blotch the frass
is in black strings and coarse lumps. (In rainy weather they liquify
and loose their shape). Pupation outside the mine.
A narrow upper surface gallery to start, then broadening and zigzagging to create a false blotch. |
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On Filipendula, Potentilla, Rosa, Rubus and Sanguisorba in Britain. On Filipendula, Potentilla, Rubus and Sanguisorba elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also recorded in continental Europe and Canada.
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Agromyza
sulfuriceps Strobl, 1898 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
Key for the identification of the known mines of British
non-Diptera recorded on
Rosa
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Note:
The larvae of mining Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera may live in a corridor mine, a corridor-blotch mine, a blotch mine, a case, a rolled or folded leaf, a tentiform mine or sandwiched between two more or less circular leaf sections in later instars. Larva may pupate in a silk cocoon. The larva may have six legs (although they may be reduced or absent), a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding). Larvae of Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera usually also have abdominal legs (see examples). Frass, if present, never in two rows. Unless feeding externally from within a case the larva usually vacates the mine by chewing an exit hole. Pupa with visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
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1a > Leaf-miner and case-bearer: The larva lives outside the mine, protected by a case, and feeds on the underlying plant tissues via a hole cut in the epidermis. From that point it eats away as much leaf tissue as it can reach without fully entering the mine. Mine does not contain frass (Coleophora species) |
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1b > Leaf-miner, but not a case-bearer: The larva lives mainly inside the mine. Mine usually contains frass. In later instars the larva may live sandwiched between two more or less circular sections cut from the leaf. |
3 |
2a > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer: The larva feeds on rose, building successively larger portable cases
from cut-out leaf fragments; September 3mm, October to April 6mm.
In mid-April the third and final, 6 or 7 mm, case is formed. At
first it is spatulate with a bivalved anal opening and serrate dorsal
keel formed from a leaf margin. During May, the case is expanded
dorsally, becoming cylindrical with a trivalved anal opening. The
expansion may conceal the dorsal serration.
The
leaf damage and case are also illustrated in British
leafminers.
The
larvae, which hatch around the end of August make three cases during
their lifetime. The final one, which they occupy after the hibernation,
is a laterally flattened tubular leaf case with a dorsal toothed
keel (remnant of the leaf margin from which the cases was excised).
Mouth angle about 60°. |
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Coleophora gryphipennella larva, dorsal
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
On Rosa in Britain and elsewhere. Apart from the far north
of Scotland, it is common over most of Britain & Ireland where
roses grow. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread
in continental Europe.
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Coleophora
gryphipennella (Hübner, 1796) [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]. |
2b > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer: The case resembles that of C.
violacea, but does not lie so flat again the leaf as this
species (having a mouth angle of 30 to 50°). C.
violacea also has a case which bulges in the middle, whereas
in C. potentillae the case tapers towards the posterior.
Immediately
after emergence the larva makes a full depth, quickly widening,
corridor, with frass as small grains in a broad central band. Finally
results a blotch of 2 x 5 mm, from which the youth case is cut.
The fully developed case is a hairy, greyish brown to silver grey
lobe case of about 1 cm long, with a clearly laterally compressed
end; the mouth angle is about 90°. The case is difficult to
separate from that of C. ochripennella. |
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On Betula, Agrimonia, Crataegus, Filipendula ulmaria, Fragaria
vesca, Geum, Helianthemum nummularium,
Potentilla, Prunus spinosa, Rosa, Rubus caesius, Rosa fruticosus and Salix cinerea in Britain plus Malus sylvestris,
Ribes, Sanguisorba and Spiraea elsewhere. Widespread
in Britain and in continental Europe.
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Coleophora
potentillae (Elisha, 1885) [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]. |
2c > Leaf-miner
and case-bearer: The larva feeds on a wide range of trees, shrubs and herbs, favouring
Rosaceae, but not exclusively. The fully developed cased larva may
be found active in October and again, after winter diapause, in
April. Cases, about 6 mm, of diapausing larvae may be found through
winter, fixed to a tree or fence post. The dorsal surface of the
case is usually covered in leaf fragments, but they can sometimes
be worn off almost smooth. The ventral surface is swollen at the
middle and has a keel, which usually bends upwards at the posterior.
The cases of C. ahenella (on Rhamnus, Frangula, Viburnum and Cornus) and C.
potentillae (case less swollen, keel not bent up, resting
position less prone) are very similar.
Brownish
lobe case that lies almost flat on the leaf, either on the upper
or on the lower side. Case widest about the middle. Ventrally there
is a distinct keel. Mouth angle 0°. Full depth mines rather
large. The flaps of cuticular tissue that serve to enlarge the case
are cut out of the upper epidermis. (contrary to C.
ahenella and C.
potentillae, that use tissue from the lower epidermis).
The removal of these tissue flaps creates holes that are much larger
than those that serve as the entrance to the mine. |
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Coleophora violacea larva, lateral
Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa) |
Polyphagous. On numerous genera and species in several plant families, including Rosa, in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Britain and
continental Europe.
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Coleophora
violaceae (Ström 1783) [Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae]. |
3a > Leaf-miner: Forms a blotch on the upper surface of the leaf, causing it to fold
over.
Whitish,
upper-surface blotch, often occupying an entire leaflet. Fully developed
mines strongly contract, and the leaflet doubles along the midrib.
Almost all frass is ejected through a hole in the epidermis. Often
several mines in a (composite) leaf. Pupation external. |
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On Rosa in Britain and elsewhere. Britain including the
Channel Is. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Coptotriche
angusticollella (Duponchel, 1843) [Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae]. |
3b > Leaf-miner: A contorted gallery leading to blotch. Larva greenish-white with
dark ventral spots.
Oviposition
at the underside of the leaf, usually not far from the midrib. The
mine is a corridor; its first part is strongly contorted, intestine-like,
containing brown, coiled, frass. The last part may follow the leaf
margin for some distance. In the end the corridor widens into an
elongate blotch with dispersed frass. The larva mines venter upwards.
Pupation external. |
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On Rosa and Sanguisorba in Britain and Filipendula,
Rosa and Sanguisorba elsewhere. Widespread in Britain,
Ireland and continental Europe.
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Ectoedemia
angulifasciella (Stainton, 1849) [Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae]. |
3c > Leaf-miner: The larvae mine leaves at first, forming a blotch mine, later descending
to the ground in a portable case and feeding on dead leaves.
Oviposition
is by way of an ovipositor, therefore no egg shell visible. The
larva makes a small, roundish, blotch; often several in a leaf.
Already after its first moult it makes an excision out of the mine,
in size almost equal to the blotch (3-4 mm). Thus sandwiched it
drops to the ground and continues feeding on dead leaf material. |
Mines
of Incurvaria masculella
Image: © Rob Edmunds (British
leafminers) |
On Crataegus and Rosa in Britain and Carpinus,
Corylus, Vaccinium, Catanea, Fagus, Quercus, Crataegus, Rosa and Tilia elsewhere. Widespread in Britain, Ireland and
continental Europe.
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Incurvaria
masculella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) [Lepidoptera:
Incurvariidae]. |
3d > Leaf-miner: A circular or oval brownish blotch with a central spiral of dense
blackish frass (British
leafminers), sometimes several mines in one leaf.
Oviposition
is at the leaf underside, well away from the leaf margin; the egg
has a fine reticulate surface. The mine is a rather large, perfectly
circular blotch without a trace of a preceding corridor. Around
the dark centre the frass, glued to the upper epidermis is arranged
in distinct arcs. Pupation in
a silken cocoon, usually on detritus. |
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On Betula, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus,
Rosa and Sorbus in Britain and on Alnus, Betula,
Amelanchier, Aronia, Chaenomeles, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia,
Malus, Mespilus, Prunus, Pyrus and Sorbus elsewhere.
Widespread in England and into Southern Scotland. Also recorded
in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Leucoptera
malifoliella (O. Costa, 1836) [Lepidoptera: Lyonetidae]. |
3e > Leaf-miner: A long, whitish smoothly-curved upper-surface mine with broken black
frass.
Oviposition
is by means of an ovipositor; what remains is a small scar: no egg
shell is visible at the start of the mine. From here a long, sometimes
very long, slender, full depth corridor winds throught the leaf,
not steered by leaf margin or the leaf venation. The midrib is crossed
effortless; the corridor frequently also crosses
itself; the section of the leaf cut off then usally turns brown
and dies off. Frass in a narrow central line. The larva vacates
the mine prior to pupation through an exit in the upper epidermis.
The vacated larval chamber is proportionally much
longer than in the case of Stigmella mines ( > 3 x longer
than broad). Pupation in a silken cocoon suspended from threads attached to food plant
or other vegetation. |
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Polyphagous. On numerous genera and species in several plant families, including Rosa, in Britain. On numerous genera and species in several plant families, but not Rosa, elsewhere. Widespread
in Britain and continental Europe. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland.
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Lyonetia
clerkella (Linnaeus, 1758) [Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae].
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3f > Leaf-miner: Before overwintering larvae make a small, full depth blotch (Robbins, 1991a). After hibernation, they live freely under a silk.
Larvae mine in late autumn (Agassiz, 1996a). Not rare, in Belgium (De Prins, 1998a). |
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On Crataegus, Cotoneaster, Rosa and Sorbus in Britain
and Crataegus, Cotoneaster and Sorbus elsewhere. Widespread
in Britain, except the far north. Also recorded in the Republic
of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Paraswammerdamia
nebulella (Goeze, 1783) [Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae]. |
3g > Leaf-miner: An early gallery filled with greenish frass, later leaving clear
margins. Egg at the underside of the leaf, near a vein.
The mine is a clear corridor, often with a hairpin turn, the section
before the turn often following the leaf margin. The first section
of the mine is entirely filled with greyish green frass. Further
on the frass line is quite variable, black, sometimes coiled, always
leaving a clear zone at either side. The shift in the frass pattern
usually is quite sharp (probably coincides with a moult). The frass
is deposited on the ceiling of the mine. Pupation external; exit
slit in upper epidermis. |
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On Rosa in Britain and Potentilla, Rosa and Sanguisorba elsewhere. Widespread throughout the British isles. Widespread
in continental Europe.
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Stigmella
anomalella (Goeze, 1783) [Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae]. |
3h > Leaf-miner: A short gallery with linear frass.
Egg
usually at the underside of the leaf. The mine is a long sinuous
gallery, often with a hairpin turn. Frass in a central line, leaving
a clear zone at either side; this applies also to the first part
of the corridor. Borkowski (1969a) stresses that the frass never
is coiled. |
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On Rosa in Britain and elsewhere. Widespread in Wales and the
southern half of England. Widespread in continental Europe.
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Stigmella
centifoliella (Zeller, 1848) [Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae]. |
3i > Leaf-miner: Early
gallery relatively straight with linear frass leaving clear narrow
margins and not ending in a blotch. |
On Rosa in Britain and elsewhere. Britain including East
Sutherland, Haddington and North Ebudes. Also recorded in the
Republic of Ireland and East Palaearctic.
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Stigmella
spinosissimae (Waters, 1928) [Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae]. |
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