Leaf-miner: Larva
forming an irregular upper surface linear mine, which can widen
and become almost blotch like at end (Spencer, 1972b: 78 (fig. 262), 81; Spencer,
1976: 378, 379 (fig. 657)).
Upper-surface
blotch, often following the leaf margin for some length, finally
strongly widened. The real start of the mine, however, is a long
narrow epidermal corridor in the lower surface of the leaf, made
by the first instar larva (Allen, 1956a). Pupation outside the mine,
exit slit generally in the leaf lower epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa).
An upper surface mine, which can widen and form a blotch (British
leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by Allen (1957b),
Griffiths (1973c), de Meijere (1938) and illustrated in
Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Black; posterior spiracles each with 22-28 bulbs or bulbs (Spencer,
1976: 378).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - mines: May, July-September, November.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread throughout Britain
from Cornwall to Scotland (Spencer, 1972b: 81), Warwickshire (Ufton) (Robbins,
1991: 66); Anglesey, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Denbighshire, East Ross, Easterness, Hertforshire, Leicestershire, Main Argyllshire, Mid-west Yorkshire,
North Ebudes, Shropshire, South Lancashire, South-east Yorkshire, South-west Yorkshire, Shetland, Stafford, Surrey and West Norfolk (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in Ireland (Spencer, 1972b: 81). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Denmark,
Finland, Norway, Sweden (Spencer,
1976: 378), Belgium (de
Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991), Germany (Spencer,
1976: 378), The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, French mainland,
Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
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