Leaf-miner: Large
blotch mine, often with several larvae, beginning with a short deeper
corridor at a single egg shell on the surface of the leaf. The broad
deep corridor later ends in a blotch but can be recognised (beneath
the blotch) by its greater depth. Mine predominantly dorsal or ventral,
greenish in transmitted light. Frass grains irregularly scattered
except in the initial corridor.
Blotch,
mostly occupying almos the entire leaf, containing several larvae.
Much, half-deliquescent, greenish-black frass. At the start of the
mine at the leaf underside a group of some 5 elliptic egg shells,
parallel to each other. However, the larvae can leave their mine
and restart elsewhere, so mines without egg shells can occur as
well. The larvae do not penetrate into the stem of the plant, neither
is the mine full depth (compare Delia species) (Bladmineerders van Europa). Mine indistinguishable from P.
exilis or P. hyoscyami (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Makes a large upper surface whitish blotch, which can contain several larvae. The frass has a washed out appearance and is greenish. There may be several mines on a leaf and eventually the leaf will be mined and then shrivel up. To identify this miner adults must be reared (British
leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The eggs and larvae are described d'Aguilar and Missonier (1957
and 1962). The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa. Larva with bud-like posterior spiracles.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
The
adult is ilustrated in the Encyclopedia
of Life.
Comments:
According to Michelsen (1980)
hyoscyami is reliably recorded only from Beta
and Chenopodium,
Hyoscyamus and Silene.
Any earlier records should be regarded as unsubstantiated. Pegomya
exilis and Pegomya
cunicularia were distinguished from Pegomya
betae and Pegomya hyoscyami by Michelsen (1980). Material of both [the former species] had previously
been assigned to those [two latter] species (Chandler, pers. comm.).
Chenopodium
ambrosioides is treated as Dysphania
ambrosioides (Mexican-tea) by Stace (2010).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Caryophyllaceae |
|
|
|
|
Silene |
|
|
|
Michelsen,
1980 |
Silene |
vulgaris |
Bladder
Campion |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Silene |
vulgaris
subsp. vulgaris |
Bladder
Campion |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa, as Silene cucubalus
|
Chenopodiaceae |
|
|
|
|
Atriplex |
glabriuscula |
Babington's
Orache |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Atriplex |
hastata |
Spear-leaved
Orache |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Atriplex |
nitens |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Atriplex |
patula |
Common
Orache |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Beta |
|
|
|
Michelsen,
1980 |
Beta |
trigyna |
Caucasian
Beet |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Beta |
vulgaris
|
Beet |
 |
Griffiths,
1982 |
Beta |
vulgaris
subsp. maritima |
Sea
Beet |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
|
|
|
Michelsen,
1980 |
Chenopodium |
album |
Fat-hen |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
ambrosioides |
Mexican-tea |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
bonus-henricus |
Good-King-Henry |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
foliosum |
Strawberry
Goosefoot |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
glaucum |
Oak-leaved
Goosefoot |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
hybridum |
Maple-leaved
Goosefoot |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
murale |
Nettle-leaved
Goosefoot |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
opulifolium |
Grey
Goosefoot |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
polyspermum |
Many-seeded
Goosefoot |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
quinoa |
Quinoa |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
rubrum |
Red
Goosefoot |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
urbicum |
Upright
Goosefoot |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium |
vulvaria |
Stinking
Goosefoot |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Spinacia |
oleracea
|
Spinach |
|
Griffiths,
1982 |
Spinacia |
oleracea
|
Spinach |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Solanaceae |
|
|
|
|
Atropa |
belladonna
|
Deadly
Nightshade |
 |
Griffiths,
1982 |
Atropa |
belladona
|
Deadly
Nightshade |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Datura |
aegyptiaca |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Datura |
metel
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Datura |
metel
|
|
|
Griffiths,
1982 |
Datura |
quercifolia |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Datura |
stramonium |
Thorn-apple |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Datura |
stramonium |
Thorn-apple |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa, as Datura inermis
|
Datura |
tatulaf |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Hyoscyamus |
|
|
|
Michelsen,
1980 |
Hyoscyamus |
afureus |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Hyoscyamus |
albus |
White
Henbane |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Hyoscyamus |
niger |
Henbane
|
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Lycium |
afrum |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Scopolia |
carniolica |
Scopolia |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Solanum |
dulcamara |
Bittersweet / Woody Nightshade |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Solanum |
nigrum |
Black
Nightshade |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Time
of year - mines: June-September.
Time
of year - adults: August.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Inner Hebrides
(Isle of Coll) (Bland, 1992),
Warwickshire (Coventry and Chadwick End) (Robbins,
1991), Berkshire, Dorset, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Glamorgan, Main Argyll, Mid Ebudes, North Somerset, North-east Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, South Lancashire, South-west Yorkshire, Surrey, West Cornwall and Wigtownshire (NBN
Atlas). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including The Netherlands
(Bladmineerders van Europa), Andorra, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, French
mainland, Germany, Norwegian mainland, Russia - Northwest, Spanish
mainland and Sweden (Michelsen in Fauna Europaea).
Also
recorded in the East Palaearctic (Michelsen in Fauna Europaea) and North America (Griffiths,
1982). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Atriplex
glabriuscula, Atriplex
hastata, Atriplex
patula, Atropa
belladonna, Beta
trigyna, Beta
vulgaris, Beta
vulgaris subsp. maritima, Chenopodium
album, Chenopodium
ambrosioides (= Dysphania
ambrosioides), Chenopodium
bonus-henricus, Chenopodium
foliosum, Chenopodium
glaucum, Chenopodium
hybridum, Chenopodium
murale, Chenopodium
opulifolium, Chenopodium
polyspermum, Chenopodium
quinoa, Chenopodium
rubrum, Chenopodium
urbicum, Chenopodium
vulvaria, Datura
metel, Datura
stramonium, Hyoscyamus
afureus, Hyoscyamus
albus, Hyoscyamus
niger, Silene
maritima, Silene
vulgaris, Silene
vulgaris subsp. vulgaris, ? Solanum
dulcamara, Solanum
nigrum, Spinacia
oleracea |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Cyrtogaster
clavicornis Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Cyrtogaster
vulgaris Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Trichomalopsis
hemiptera (Walker, 1835) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Trichogramma
evanescens Westwood, 1833 |
Trichogrammatidae: Trichogrammatinae |
Trichogramma
minutum Riley, 1871 |
Trichogrammatidae: Trichogrammatinae |
Trichogramma
semblidis (Aurivillius, 1891) |
Trichogrammatidae: Trichogrammatinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Dacnusa
pubescens (Curtis, 1926) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Phaenocarpa ruficeps (Nees, 1812) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Microgaster polita Marshall, 1885 |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Apodesmia rufipes (Wesmael, 1835) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Biosteres carbonarius (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Biosteres spinaciae (Thomson, 1895) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Biosteres sylvaticus (Haliday, 1837) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Biosteres wesmaelii (Haliday, 1837) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Diachasma fulgidum (Haliday, 1837) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Eurytenes silenis (Fischer, 1967) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Phaedrotoma munda (Förster, 1862) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Phaedrotoma variegata (Szépligeti, 1896) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Utetes fulvicollis (Thomson, 1895) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Utetes testaceus (Wesmael, 1838) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Rhysipolis meditator (Haliday, 1836) |
Braconidae: Rhysipolinae |
Phygadeuon detestator (Thunberg, 1822) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Phygadeuon pegomyiae Habermehl, 1928 |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
|