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Leaf-miner: The larvae feed on the leaves of lime and birch, mining the leaves when young (UKMoths).

Oviposition at the leaf upperside. Mine a short, irregular, full depth corridor, always at the leaf margin, generally in the tip of the leaf. Frassly broadly scattered. The older larva lives free on the leaf (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The mine is also illustrated in British leafminers.

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths (by Duncan Williams) and the Encyclopedia of Life. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Betulaceae
Betula				British leafminers
Betula				UKMoths
Betula				Agassiz (1996a)
Betula				Robbins (1991a)
Tiliaceae
Tilia				British leafminers
Tilia				Pitkin & Plant
Tilia				UKMoths
Tilia	cordata	Small-leaved Lime		British leafminers

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Acer	pseudoplatanus	Sycamore		Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula				Belgian Lepidoptera
Tiliaceae
Tilia				Belgian Lepidoptera
Tilia	cordata	Small-leaved Lime		Belgian Lepidoptera
Tilia	cordata	Small-leaved Lime		Bladmineerders van Europa
Tilia	x vulgaris	Lime		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: July, September - October (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Two generations, at least in the south of the range, with adults on the wing in May and June and again in August and September (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Mainly distributed in the southern half of England (UKMoths) and Wales including Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Derbyshire, Dorset, East Cornwall, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, East Sussex, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Leicestershire, North Essex, North Hampshire, North Lincolnshire, North Somerset, Northamptonshire, Shropshire, South Devon, South Hampshire, South Somerset, South Wiltshire, South-west Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Cornwall, West Gloucestershire, West Lancashire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, West Sussex and Westmorland (NBN Atlas). There are also scattered localities in Wales and in Scotland where the species occurs (UKMoths).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central and North, Sardinia, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: