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Leaf-miner: Larva forms an upper surface primary blotch with several larvae feeding together; the blotch is greenish when fresh but becomes yellowish with age (Spencer, 1972b: 78 (fig. 257); Spencer, 1976: 376, 377 (fig. 655)).

Round or oval blotch, green at first, later yellowish. Young mine are interparenchymatous, only the older mines are truly full depth. Generally several larvae in a communal mine. Pupation outside the mine. Exit slit in lower epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa).

A conspicuous, yellowish, almost circular upper surface blotch. Normally several mines on a leaf which may run together giving the impression of a single mine (British leafminers).

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.

The larva is described by Allen (1956, 1957b), Griffiths (1973c), de Meijere (1926) and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa ; posterior spiracles with approx. 20 bulbs.

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Black; each side of the anus has a distinct conical projection; posterior spiracles each having an ellipse of some 20 minute bulbs or bulbs (Spencer, 1976: 376). Illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Phytomyza angelicae puparium, dorsal Image: © Willem Ellis (Bladmineerders van Europa)

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Apiaceae
Aegopodium				Robbins, 1991: 65
Aegopodium	podagraria	Ground-elder		Mines in BMNH
Angelica				Robbins, 1991: 66
Angelica	sylvestris	Wild Angelica		British leafminers
Angelica	sylvestris	Wild Angelica		Mines in BMNH
Angelica	sylvestris	Wild Angelica		Spencer, 1972b: 120
Angelica	sylvestris	Wild Angelica		Bland, 1992
Angelica	sylvestris	Wild Angelica		Bland, in Whiteley, 1994

Hosts elsewhere:

Apiaceae
Aegopodium				Spencer, 1990: 159
Aegopodium	podagraria	Ground-elder		Bladmineerders van Europa
Aegopodium	podagraria	Ground-elder		Spencer, 1976: 376
Angelica				Spencer, 1990: 160
Angelica	archangelica	Garden Angelica		Bladmineerders van Europa
Angelica	archangelica	Garden Angelica		Spencer, 1976: 376
Angelica	archangelica subsp. litoralis			Bladmineerders van Europa
Angelica	sylvestris	Wild Angelica		Bladmineerders van Europa
Angelica	sylvestris	Wild Angelica		Spencer, 1976: 376
? Conioselinum				Spencer, 1990: 160
Heracleum				Griffiths, 1973c
Heracleum				Spencer, 1990: 160
Heracleum	lanatum			Spencer, 1976: 376
Laserpitium				Spencer, 1990: 160
Laserpitium	latifolium	Broad-leaved Sermountain		Bladmineerders van Europa
Laserpitium	latifolium	Broad-leaved Sermountain		Spencer, 1976: 376
Laserpitium	siler			Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - mines: May, July-November.

Time of year - adults: August and April the following year.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread throughout country, from Cornwall to Scotland (Spencer, 1972b: 80) including Inner Hebrides (Isle of Coll) (Bland, 1992), Rum (Bland in Whiteley, 1994), Warwickshire (Bubbenhall) (Robbins, 1991: 66); Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Denbighshire, Derbyshire, East Sussex, Edinburgh, Glamorgan, Main Argyll, Merionethshire, North Ebudes, North Somerset, Nottinghamshire, Pembrokeshire, Shropshire, South Lancashire, South Somerset, South-west Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, West Lancashire and West Norfolk (NBN Atlas).

Also recorded in Ireland (Spencer, 1972b: 80).

Distribution elsewhere: Europe (Spencer, 1976: 376) including Belgium (Scheirs, de Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1999), Germany (Spencer, 1976: 376), The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Iceland, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland (Fauna Europaea).

Range extending eastwards to the Moscow region of Russia (Spencer, 1976: 376).

Also recorded in U.S.A. (Griffiths, 1973c) and Canada (Alaska) (Spencer, 1976: 376).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: