Leaf-miner: The young larva mines the leaves of its foodplant then hibernates.
It will then mines leaves or flowerbuds, then blossom or leaves
(British
leafminers).
Branched,
sometimes stellate, brownish, very transparent, sometimes long corridor
that contains no frass. All frass is ejected through a number of
tiny openings that generally are close to a vein. Only the young
larvae are miners (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).
Larva reddish brown; head and prothoracic plate black (Bland et
al., 2002a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in UKMoths. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts elsewhere:
Time
of year - larvae: August - May (British
leafminers).
Time
of year - adults: The adult moths fly in July and August, and
are attracted to light, but can also be found resting on tree trunks
(UKMoths).
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: England from Yorkshire southwards
(UKMoths)
including Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire,
Denbighshire, Dorset, East Kent, East Suffolk, Hereford, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire,
Middlesex, North Essex, North Wiltshire, South Essex, South Hampshire,
West Kent, West Norfolk and West Suffolk (NBN
Atlas) and in North Wales, although its range appears to
be contracting rapidly UKMoths.
It occurs in orchards, where it can be a pest (UKMoths).
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Albania,
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Danish mainland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland,
Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia,
Malta, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia - Central, East
and South, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland,
Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Crataegus
laevigata, Crataegus
monogyna, Cydonia
oblonga, Malus
pumila, Malus
sylvestris, Mespilus
germanica, Prunus
armeniaca, Prunus
avium, Prunus
cerasus, Prunus
domestica, Prunus
domestica subsp. insititia, Prunus
dulcis, Prunus
mahaleb, Prunus
persica, Prunus
spinosa, Pyrus
communis |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Lytopylus rufipes (Nees, 1814) |
Braconidae: Agathidinae |
Therophilus dimidiator (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Agathidinae |
Therophilus rugulosus (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Agathidinae |
Bracon variegator Spinola, 1808 |
Braconidae: Braconinae |
Ascogaster annularis (Nees, 1816) |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Chelonus annulatus (Nees, 1816) |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Macrocentrus thoracicus (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Macrocentrinae |
Macrocentrus linearis (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Macrocentrinae |
Apanteles xanthostigma (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Meteorus ictericus (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Meteorinae |
Glyptapanteles fraternus (Reinhard, 1881) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Glyptapanteles fulvipes (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Dolichogenidea candidata (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Protapanteles immunis (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Orgilus pimpinellae Niezabitowski, 1910 |
Braconidae: Orgilinae |
Diadegma fenestrale (Holmgren, 1860) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Pristomerus vulnerator (Panzer, 1799) |
Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae |
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