Leaf-miner: Larva
forms a conspicuous white linear mine with frass in closely adjoining
grains. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972b:70 (figs 229-230A), 75; Spencer,
1976: 481, 483 (figs. 846, 848A)).
Rather
long, somewaht untidy, upper-surface corridor. Frass in many small
grains that are close together of form pearl chains. Pupation outside
the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).
The frass, in the long upper-surface white corridor, look like strings of pearls. P.ranunculivora makes similar long linear mines but in this species the frass grains are separate (British
leafminers).
The
mine is also illustrated in the Encyclopedia
of Life.
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by de Meijere (1926),
Sasakawa (1961), Dempewolf
(2001: 195) and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Greyish or brown; posterior spiracles each with about
18-20 bulbs (Spencer, 1976:
481). The puparium is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa and the Encyclopedia
of Life.
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in the Encyclopedia
of Life.
Comments:
Ranunculus ficaria is treated as Ficaria verna (Lesser Celandine) by Stace (2010).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Ranunculaceae |
|
|
|
|
Ranunculus |
|
|
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Ranunculus |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1989: 26 |
Ranunculus |
|
|
|
British
leafminers |
Ranunculus |
|
|
|
Spencer, 1972b: 75 |
Ranunculus |
acris
|
Meadow
Buttercup |
 |
British
leafminers |
Ranunculus |
acris
|
Meadow
Buttercup |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 27 |
Ranunculus |
acris
|
Meadow
Buttercup |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 119 |
Ranunculus |
bulbosus
|
Bulbous
Buttercup |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Ranunculus |
bulbosus
|
Bulbous
Buttercup |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 27 |
Ranunculus |
ficaria |
Lesser
Celandine |
 |
Bland,
1992 |
Ranunculus |
ficaria |
Lesser
Celandine |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Ranunculus |
ficaria |
Lesser
Celandine |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 119 |
Ranunculus |
ficaria |
Lesser
Celandine |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 27 |
Ranunculus |
flammula
|
Lesser
Spearwort |
 |
Bland,
1992 |
Ranunculus |
flammula
|
Lesser
Spearwort |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Ranunculus |
flammula
|
Lesser
Spearwort |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 27 |
Ranunculus |
flammula
|
Lesser
Spearwort |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 119 |
Ranunculus |
lingua
|
Greater
Spearwort |
 |
Bland,
1992 |
Ranunculus |
lingua
|
Greater
Spearwort |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Ranunculus |
lingua
|
Greater
Spearwort |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 119 |
Ranunculus |
repens
|
Creeping
Buttercup |
 |
Bland,
1992 |
Ranunculus |
repens
|
Creeping
Buttercup |
 |
Mines
in BMNH |
Ranunculus |
repens
|
Creeping
Buttercup |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 27 |
Ranunculus |
repens
|
Creeping
Buttercup |
 |
Spencer, 1972b: 119 |
Ranunculus |
sardous
|
Hairy
Buttercup |
|
Mines
in BMNH |
Hosts elsewhere:
Time
of year - mines: February, May-November.
Time
of year - adults: August.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Common and widespread throughout
England and Scotland, generally distributed (Spencer, 1972b: 75) including Inner Hebrides (Isle of Coll) (Bland,
1992), Warwickshire (Brandon and Foleshill) (Robbins,
1991: 27), Channel Is. (Fauna Europaea); Anglesey, Berkshire, Breconshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Cardiganshire,
Carmarthenshire, Cumberland, Denbighshire, Derbyshire, Dorset, Dumfriesshire, Durham, East Cornwall, East Gloucestershire, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Ross, East Suffolk, East Sutherland, Easterness, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight,
Leicestershire, Main Argyll, Merionethshire, Mid Ebudes, Mid-west Yorkshire, Monmouthshire, North Ebudes, North Hampshire, North Lincolnshire, North Somerset, North Wiltshire, North-east Yorkshire,
Nottinghamshire, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire, South Devon, South Lancashire, South Somerset,
South-east Yorkshire, South-west Yorkshire, Stafford,
Surrey, West Gloucestershire, West Kent, West Norfolk, Westmorland and Worcestershire (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in Ireland (Spencer, 1972b: 75). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread throughout Europe including Denmark, Finland,
Norway, Sweden (Spencer, 1976:
481), Germany, Sweden, The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (de
Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991; Scheirs,
de Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1999), Germany (Spencer,
1976: 578; Dempewolf, 2001:
195), Austria, Azores, Belarus, Canary Is., Czech Republic, Estonia,
European Turkey, Faroe Is., French mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Italian
mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Madeira, Republic of Moldova, Poland,
Romania, Sardinia, Slovakia, Spanish mainland and Switzerland (Fauna Europaea).
Range
extending to the Kirghiz Republic of the [former] U.S.S.R. (Spencer,
1976: 481).
Also
recorded in Canada (Spencer,
1976: 480), Chile (Mines in BMNH) and Japan (Spencer,
1990: 41). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Anemone
nemorosa, Myosurus
minimus, Ranunculus
aconitifolius, Ranunculus
acris, Ranunculus
arvensis, Ranunculus
bulbosus, Ranunculus
ficaria (= Ficaria
verna), Ranunculus
flammula, Ranunculus
lingua, Ranunculus
repens, Ranunculus
sardous, Ranunculus
scleratus |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Chrysocharis idyia (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
orbicularis (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pentheus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
viridis (Nees, 1934) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Pediobius
metallicus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
chabrias (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
isaea (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
minoeus (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
pusztensis (Erdös and Novicky, 1951) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Hemiptarsenus
ornatus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Hemiptarsenus
unguicellus (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Necremnus
tidius (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio
soemius (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Miscogaster
elegans Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Miscogaster
maculata Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Stenomalina
gracilis (Walker, 1934) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Epiclerus panyas (Walker, 1839) |
Tetracampidae: Tetracampinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Chorebus
kama (Nixon, 1945) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Coloneura
stylata Förster, 1862 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
areolaris (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
confinis Ruthe, 1859 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa laeta (Nixon, 1954) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
laevipectus Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
macrospila (Haliday, 1839) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
maculipes Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
melicerta (Nixon, 1954) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
sibirica Telenga, 1935 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dapsilarthra
sylvia (Haliday, 1839) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Exotela
gilvipes (Haliday, 1839) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Grammospila
rufiventris (Nees, 1812) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Colastes
braconius Haliday, 1833 |
Braconidae: Exothecinae |
Apodesmia
posticatae (Fischer, 1957) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Opius
pallipes Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Opius orbiculator (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|