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Leaf miner: Large blotch, begining at the leaf margin (there is no accumulation of frass). The oldest part of the mine with a charcteristic, wine red colour. Most of the frass is ejected through a narrow slit in the leaf margin. The larva makes an discoidal cocoon within the mine. Hibernation in the larval stage (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The mine is also illustrated in British leafminers.

Larva: The larvae of sawflies have a head capsule, chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles, six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (although they may be reduced) (see examples).

The larva is illustrated in British leafminers.

Ripper (1931a), Lorenz and Kraus (1957a), Lindquist (1959a) and Smith (1971a) describe the larva. Thoracic feet reduced to stumps. Prosternum with a large dark patch; meso- and metasternum with a small dark spot. Pronotum with a large rectangular black sclerite. In the prepupal stage, when the larva does not feed any more, all pigmentation has disappeared (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Pupa: The pupae of sawflies have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths.

The larva pupates in the mine in a disc structure (British leafminers).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Betula	pendula	Silver Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pubescens	Downy Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: Summer British leafminers

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Comments: Full synonymy and references are listed in ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Britain including Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Easterness, West Suffolk and Westmorland (NBN Atlas).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Fauna Europaea).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, ? Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: