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Leaf miner: Large blotch, starting from the leaf margin. The very first triangular part of the mine is filled with a dense mass of frass, caused by lateral movements of the larva that actually press the frass in this first mine segment. The mine seems full depth, but actually is upper-surface, abeit very deep and (fresh) only very weakly greenish. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).

The mine is also illustrated in British leafminers.

Larva: The larvae of sawflies have a head capsule, chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles, six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (although they may be reduced) (see examples).

The larva is intially green and then turns a dark yellow colour towards maturity (British leafminers). The larva is also illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Pupa: The pupae of sawflies have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths.

Adult: The adult is illustrated in ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Betula	ermani			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	humilis			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	japonica			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	obscura			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pendula	Silver Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pubescens	Downy Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: Summer and Autumn (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Comments: Full synonymy and references are listed in ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Britain including Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Derbyshire, South Lancashire, South-east Yorkshire, Surrey, Warwickshire and West Suffolk (NBN Atlas).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Fauna Europaea).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central, Sweden and The Netherlands (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: Currently unknown.

Biodiversity Heritage Library
Bladmineerders van Europa
British leafminers
Encyclopedia of Life
Fauna Europaea
NBN Atlas
NHM UK Checklist