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Leaf-miner: An early gallery filled with frass, later leaving clear margins, finally a blotch (British leafminers).

Egg at the upper- or underside of the leaf, usually close to the midrib or leaf margin. The mine is a somewhat widening corridor. Its course is variable, but generally it contains several long, more or less straight, segments. The black frass almost fills the first half of the corridor. Later the frass line becomes relatively narrower, and is more often interrupted. Pupation external, exit slit in the upper epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Larva amber, head and faint ventral spots, brown (British leafminers). Yellow (Gustafsson and van Nieukerken, 1990a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Salicaceae
Salix	alba	White Willow		Pitkin & Plant
Salix	babylonica	Weeping Crack-willow		British leafminers
Salix	euxina or x fragilis	Crack-willow or Hybrid Crack-willow		Pitkin & Plant
Salix	matsudana			Pitkin & Plant
Salix	viminalis	Osier		Pitkin & Plant

Hosts elsewhere:

Salicaceae
Salix				Belgian Lepidoptera
Salix	alba	White Willow		Belgian Lepidoptera
Salix	alba	White Willow		Bladmineerders van Europa
Salix	babylonica	Weeping Crack-willow		Belgian Lepidoptera
Salix	babylonica	Weeping Crack-willow		Bladmineerders van Europa
Salix	euxina or x fragilis	Crack-willow or Hybrid Crack-willow		Bladmineerders van Europa
Salix	pentandra	Bay Willow		Belgian Lepidoptera
Salix	pentandra	Bay Willow		Bladmineerders van Europa
Salix	purpurea			Belgian Lepidoptera
Salix	triandra	Almond Willow		Bladmineerders van Europa
Salix	viminalis	Osier		Belgian Lepidoptera
Salix	viminalis	Osier		Bladmineerders van Europa
Salix	x fragilis	Hybrid Crack-willow		Belgian Lepidoptera
Salix	x sepulcralis	Weeping Willow		Bladmineerders van Europa, as Salix x chrysocoma

Time of year - larvae: June - July, September - October (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: May and August (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Britain including Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Glamorgan, Haddington, Herefordshire, Middlesex, Monmouthshire, North Essex, North Hampshire, North Somerset, North Wiltshire, Shropshire, South Wiltshire, Stafford, Surrey, West Gloucestershire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk and Worcestershire (NBN Atlas).

See also British leafminers distribution map.

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, ? Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, ? Portuguese mainland, Romania, Russia Central, Northwest and South, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine and Yugoslavia. Also recored in East Palaearctic (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: