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(Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera)
by
Brian Pitkin, Willem Ellis, Colin Plant and Rob Edmunds
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BUPHTHALMUM. [Asteraceae]
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Only
one species of Buphthalmum is recorded in Britain. It is
introduced.
Three British miners are recorded on Buphthalmum.
A key to the European miners recorded on Buphthalmum is provided in Bladmineerders van Europa.
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Key for the identification of the known mines of British
insects (Diptera and non-Diptera) recorded on Buphthalmum
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1a > Leaf-miner: A distinctive mine primarily above mid-rib, with irregular short
lateral offshoots into leaf blade. Pupation external (Spencer, 1972:
51 (fig. 172), 55; Spencer, 1976:
270, 271 (fig. 486)).
Branched,
whitish, upper-surface corridor; main axis overlying the midrib;
side branches overlying the main lateral veins. (In Campanula and Phyteuma the mine is much less branched, sometimes nothing
more than a corridor on top of the midrib). Frass in rather long
strings. Usually the mines begins as a long and narrow, shallow,
tortuous lower-surface corridor that ends upon the midrib but otherwise
is not associated with the leaf venation. Often this initial corridor
is filled with callus, and then even less conspicuous. Pupation
outside the mine.
A
linear mine on the upper surface, usually following the midrib and
showing side branches along the veins. The frass is in strings. |
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Polyphagous. On more than 40 host genera in 15 families, but not yet on Buphthalmum, in Britain,. Widespread
throughout Britain. Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland.
Widespread in continental Europe.
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Liriomyza strigata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1b >
Leaf miner: An
irregularly linear mine which can be both on the upper and lower
leaf surface. Pupation takes place either at the end of the mine
in an exit slit cut in the leaf or on the ground (Spencer, 1972b: 70 (fig. 226), 73; Spencer,
1976: 407 (fig. 712), 408).
Upper
surface corridor, often following the midrib for some distance.
Frequently the very first part of the mine is lower-surface, and
sometimes the entire mine remains at the lower surface. The corridor
is wide from the start, with irregular sides. Frass initially in
two rows of fine grains; further on the grains become larger and
more irregular, sometimes forming pearl chains, and are dispersed
less regularly. Pupation takes place either outside or within the
mine. When the larva has left the mine a semicircular exit slit
is made. When the puparium is formed within the mine the spiracles
do not penetrate the epidermis, and an irregular semicircular opening
is made in the epidermis in front of the puparium.
Mines down the leaf from the tip, then doubles back and then mines towards the apex, often doubling back a second time, towards the leaf base. |
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On Inula and Pulicaria, but not yet on Buphthalmum, in Britain and additional genera
of Asteraceae elsewhere. Widespread in Britain. Also recorded
in the Republic of Ireland. Widespread in continental Europe and
particularly common in the Mediterranean area
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Phytomyza
conyzae Hendel, 1920 [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
1c > Leaf-miner: A large, brownish blotch, with conspicuous feeding lines. Pupation
external (Spencer, 1972b:
62 (fig. 205), 63; Spencer, 1976:
308, 309 (fig. 557)).
Large,
brown, upper-surface blotch with conspicuous primary and secondary
feeding lines. The feeding lines are the more apparent because the
semiliquid frass adheres to them. Pupation outside the mine; exit
slit in the upper epidermis.
A short broad gallery, normally at the margin, leading to a blotch with obvious feeding lines in whorls. Mines go brown. |
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On Solidago canadensis and Solidago virgaurea, but not yet on Buphthalmum, in Britain.
On Aster, Baccharis, Buphthalum, Erectites and Soligago elsewhere.
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Nemorimyza
posticata (Meigen, 1830) [Diptera: Agromyzidae]. |
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