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Leaf / Stem-mine: Oviposition takes place in the leaf blade where a short mine is formed until the larva reaches the nearest vein which is then followed downwards, with the main feeding occurring in the mid-rib, petiole, or in young plants, also in the stem (Spencer, 1976: 490). Pupation either internal or external.

The mine begins somewhere in the leaf, generally at the lower surface, not far from the leaf margin. From there a corridor runs randomly, until it hits upon a vein. The corridor then follows this vein until it reaches the midrib. Then the larva starts to bore into the midrib, and may descend into the petiole or even the stem. Pupation may take place either within or outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.

Posterior spiracles of larva with 25-30 bulbs (Spencer, 1973a).

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Yellow (Spencer, 1973a).

Comments: A common pest of Brassica spp. in Europe (Spencer, 1990: 85-6).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Brassicaceae
Brassica				Robbins, 1991: 30
Brassica				Spencer, 1972b: 115
Brassica	napus	Rape		Robbins, 1989: 26
Brassica	oleracea	Wild Cabbage		Robbins, 1989: 26

Hosts elsewhere:

Brassicaceae
Alliaria				Hering, 1957
Alliaria				Spencer, 1990: 85
Alliaria	petiolata	Garlic Mustard		Bladmineerders van Europa
Armoracia	rusticana	Horse-Radish		Bladmineerders van Europa
Brassica				Hering, 1957
Brassica				Spencer, 1973a
Brassica				Spencer, 1976: 490
Brassica				Spencer, 1990: 85
Brassica	napus	Rape		Bladmineerders van Europa
Brassica	oleracea	Wild Cabbage		Bladmineerders van Europa
Cerinthe				Hering, 1957
Conringia				Hering, 1957
Conringia				Spencer, 1990: 85
Diplotaxis				Bladmineerders van Europa
Diplotaxis				Hering, 1957
Diplotaxis				Spencer, 1990: 85
Moricandia				Hering, 1957
Moricandia				Spencer, 1990: 85
Peltaria				Hering, 1957
Peltaria				Spencer, 1990: 86
Raphanus				Bladmineerders van Europa
Raphanus				Hering, 1957
Raphanus				Spencer, 1990: 86
Rorippa				Hering, 1957
Rorippa				Bladmineerders van Europa
Sinapis				Hering, 1957
Sinapis				Spencer, 1990: 86
Sinapis	arvensis	Charlock		Bladmineerders van Europa
Sisymbrium				Hering, 1957

Time of year - mines: May-June (Hering, 1957).

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Warwickshire (Coventry and Corley) (Robbins, 1991: 30); Dunbartonshire (Bonhill) and E. Lothian (Spencer, 1972b: 75); Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Durham, East Suffolk, Glamorgan, North Somerset, Nottinghamshire, Pembrokeshire, South-west Yorkshire and Surrey (NBN Atlas).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland: Co. Mayo (Westport) (Spencer, 1972b: 75).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden (Spencer, 1976: 490), The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (Scheirs, de Bruyn and Verdyck, 1993), Germany (Spencer, 1976: 578), Canary Is., Czech Republic, Estonia, European Turkey, French mainland, Iceland, Italian mainland, Lithuania, Madeira, Poland, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Switzerland and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).

Also recorded in Egypt, Canada and the U.S.A. (Spencer, 1976: 490).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: