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Leaf-miner: Larva feeding in the mid-rib, which can swell basally, gall-like, and is frequently accompanied by reddish discolouration (Spencer, 1976: 400).

Larva in a corridor in the base of the midrib, causing the midrib to swell as a gall. Pupation takes place in the mine, close to an ready made, upper-surface, exit opening (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall. The larvae lie on their sides within the mine and use their pick-like mouthparts to feed on plant tissue.

Described by Hering (1957b); posterior spiuracles with 14 bulbs (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Asteraceae
Hypochaeris				Pitkin & Plant
Hypochaeris	radicata	Cat's-ear		Mines in BMNH
Hypochaeris	radicata	Cat's-ear		Robbins, 1991: 124
Hypochaeris	radicata	Cat's-ear		Spencer, 1972b: 113

Hosts elsewhere:

Asteraceae
Hypochaeris	radicata	Cat's-ear		Spencer, 1976: 400
Hypochaeris	radicata	Cat's-ear		Spencer, 1990: 259
Hypochaeris	radicata	Cat's-ear		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - mines: April-May. Mines can be found at the end of April in the basal rosette of leaves before the appearance of the flowering stem.

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Kent (Westerham), Surrey (Buckland, Chiddingfold), Hertfordshire (Scratch Wood), Dorset (Lyme Regis), Dunbartonshire, Glamorgan (Gower peninsula) (Spencer, 1972b: 88), Warwickshire (Keresley) (Robbins, 1991: 124); Cambridgeshire, Glamorgan, South-west Yorkshire, and Westmorland (NBN Atlas).

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland: Co. Clare (Mullagh More) (Spencer, 1972b: 88).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Denmark, Norway, Germany (Spencer, 1976: 400), French mainland, Poland and Sweden (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: Unknown.