Leaf-miner: The eggs, laid on the spines (usually) or the stem, may hatch in about three weeks or overwinter. In Spring they mine the leaves or feed in buds. They then feed gregariously in a web, which extends as they consume the food source and, in severe infestations, the whole tree may be affected (British
leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).
The larva is illustrated in UKMoths.
Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
The pupa and cocoon are illustrated in UKMoths.
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in UKMoths. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts elsewhere:
Time
of year - larvae: March-April (British
leafminers).
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Anglesey, Banffshire, Bedfordshire, Breconshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Cheshire, Cumberland, Denbighshire, Derbyshire, Dorset, Dumfriesshire, Durham, East Cornwall, East Gloucestershire, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Fife, Glamorgan, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Man, Kincardineshire, Leicestershire, Linlithgow, Main Argyll, Merionethshire, Mid-west Yorkshire, Middlesex, Montgomeryshire, North Aberdeenshire, North Essex, North Northumberland, North Somerset, North Wiltshire, Nottinghamshire, Outer Hebrides, Pembrokeshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire, South Devon, South Northumberland, South Lancashire, South-east Yorkshire, South-west Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Cornwall with Scilly, West Gloucestershire, West Cornwall, West Lancashire, West Norfolk, West Perthshire, West Suffolk, Westmorland, Wigtownshire and Worcestershire (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in the Channel Is. and Republic of Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Gibraltar, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia (Central), Sardinia, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands, Ukraine, (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
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Brachymeria minuta (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Chacididae : Chalcidinae |
Ageniaspis atricollis (Dalman, 1820) |
Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae |
Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman, 1820) |
Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae |
Pediobius pyrgo (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Elasmus flabellatus (Fonscolombe, 1832) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Baryscapus adalia (Walker 1839) |
Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae |
Baryscapus evonymellae (Bouché, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae |
Baryscapus szöcsi (Erdös, 1958) |
Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae |
Mesopolobus mediterraneus (Mayr, 1903) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Pteromalus
chrysos Walker, 1836 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Pteromalus semotus (Walker, 1834) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
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Lytopylus rufipes (Nees, 1814) |
Braconidae: Agathidinae |
Bracon hebetor Say, 1836 |
Braconidae: Braconinae |
Ascogaster annularis (Nees, 1816) |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Ascogaster rufidens Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Ascogaster rufipes (Latreille, 1809) |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Chelonus annulatus (Nees, 1816) |
Braconidae: Cheloninae |
Macrocentrus thoracicus (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Macrocentrinae |
Glyptapanteles lateralis (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Glyptapanteles vitripennis (Curtis, 1830) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Meteorus ictericus (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Meteorinae |
Choeras parasitellae (Bouché, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Choeras ruficornis (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Cotesia analis (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Cotesia tenebros (Wesmael, 1837) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Dolichogenidea dilecta (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Orgilus punctulator (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Orgilinae |
Agrypon flaveolatum (Gravenhorst 1807) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Agrypon flexorium (Thunberg 1822) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Anomalon anxium (Wesmael, 1849) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Anomalon batis (Ratzeburg, 1855) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Anomalon cerinops (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Anomalon clandestinum (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Anomalon varitarsum (Wesmael, 1849) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Heteropelma megarthrum (Ratzeburg, 1848) |
Ichneumonidae: Anomaloninae |
Lissonota punctiventris Thomson, 1877 |
Ichneumonidae: Banchinae |
Campoplex difformis (Gmelin, 1790) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Campoplex rufipes Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Diadegma
armillatum (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Diadegma fenestrale (Holmgren, 1860) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Diadegma majale (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Enytus apostatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Nemeritis macrocentra (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Olesicampe macellator (Thunberg, 1822) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Sinophorus albidus (Gmelin, 1790) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Acrolyta marginata (Bridgman 1883) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Diaglyptidea conformis (Gmelin, 1790) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Dichrogaster heteropus (Thomson, 1896) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis agilis (Fabricius, 1775) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis albipalpus (Thomson, 1884) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis areator (Panzer, 1804) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis fallax (Förster 1850) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis fuscicornis (Retzius, 1783) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis hortensis (Christ, 1791) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis intermedius (Förster, 1850) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis mutillatus (Gmelin, 1790) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis trux (Förster, 1850) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Lysibia nana (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Medophron crassicornis (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Hyperacmus crassicornis (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Cylloceriinae |
Alexeter multicolor (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Euryproctinae |
Campodorus molestus (Holmgren, 1857) |
Ichneumonidae: Euryproctinae |
Cyclolabus nigricollis (Wesmael, 1845) |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Diphyus quadripunctorius (Müller, 1776) |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Dirophanes callopus (Wesmael, 1845) |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Dirophanes fulvitarsis (Wesmael, 1845) |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Dirophanes invisor (Thunberg 1822) |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Hemichneumon subdolus Wesmael, 1857 |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Herpestomus brunnicornis (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Lycorina triangulifera Holmgren, 1859 |
Ichneumonidae: Lycorininae |
Mesochorus brevipetiolatus Ratzeburg, 1844 |
Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae |
Mesochorus cimbicis Ratzeburg, 1844 |
Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae |
Mesochorus globulator (Thunberg, 1822) |
Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae |
Mesochorus pallipes Brischke, 1880 |
Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae |
Mesochorus stigmator (Thunberg, 1822) |
Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae |
Mesochorus tetricus Holmgren, 1860 |
Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae |
Chorinaeus cristator (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Chorinaeus funebris (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Exochus consimilis Holmgren, 1858 |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Exochus gravipes (Gravenhorst 1820) |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Exochus lentipes Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Exochus mitratus Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Hypsicera curvator (Fabricius, 1793) |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Trieces tricarinatus (Holmgren, 1858) |
Ichneumonidae: Metopinae |
Plectiscidea zonata (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae |
Dolichomitus tuberculatus (Geoffroy, 1785) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Gregopimpla inquisitor (Scopoli, 1763) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Iseropus stercorator (Fabricius, 1793) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius, 1775) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Pimpla contemplator (Müller, 1776) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Pimpla spuria Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Pimpla turionellae (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Theronia atalantae (Poda, 1761) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Phytodietus polyzonias (Förster, 1771) |
Ichneumonidae: Tryphoninae |
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