Leaf-miner: It is the third generation, appearing in the autumn and overwintering,
which mines leaves. The larvae spin the leaves, forming a protective
cover. The spring (first) generation attack the developing flowers
and the second generation live inside the olive kernels (British
leafminers).
Initially
the larva makes an upper-surface, short, narrow corridor. Later,
in early spring, it may abandon this mine and make elsewhere on
the leaf an irregular full depth blotch, or it may continue the
corridor into a blotch. Most frass is ejected through a hole in
the mine; part of it is captured in spinning at the leaf underside.
In the end the larva lives free under the leaf, causing window feeding
(Bladmineerders van Europa).
Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).
Described by Amsel and Hering (1931a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in UKMoths by Andrew Mitchell. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts elsewhere:
Comments:
A very serious pest of Olive, in particular because of the damage
to the flowers and fruits (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Time
of year - larvae: Mining larvae from autumn till early in the
following spring. There are two more larval generations, one feeding
on the flowers, the second on the developing fruits (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: First discovered in the UK (on
Olives) on 22.i.2009 in Addlestone, Surrey by Andy Mitchell (British
leafminers), West Gloucestershire (NBN Atlas) and subsequently in a nursery at Rayne and Marks Tey, Essex by Stephen Rolls (British leafminers - Newsletter 26).
Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Albania, Austria,
Azores, Balearic Is., Canary Is., Corsica, Crete, Croatia, Cyclades
Is., Cyprus, Dodecanese Is., French mainland, Greek mainland, Italian
mainland, Macedonia, Malta, North Aegean Is., Portuguese mainland,
Sardinia, Sicily, Spanish mainland, (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
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Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman, 1820) |
Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae |
Asecodes erxias (Walker, 1848) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Elasmus flabellatus (Fonscolombe, 1832) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Elasmus nudus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio agraules (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio longulus (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Baryscapus nigroviolaceus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae |
Pteromalus
chrysos Walker, 1836 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Pteromalus semotus (Walker, 1834) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura, 1926 |
Trichogrammatidae: Trichogrammatinae |
Trichogramma
evanescens Westwood, 1833 |
Trichogrammatidae: Trichogrammatinae |
Trichogramma
minutum Riley, 1871 |
Trichogrammatidae: Trichogrammatinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Bracon crassicornis Thomson, 1894 |
Braconidae: Braconinae |
Bracon hebetor Say, 1836 |
Braconidae: Braconinae |
Bracon
intercessor Nees, 1834 |
Braconidae: Braconinae |
Dolichogenidea dilecta (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Apanteles xanthostigma (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Aleiodes gastritor (Thunberg, 1824) |
Braconidae: Rogadinae |
Diadegma
armillatum (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
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