Leaf-miner: A
mine with several creases in lower epidermis. On thinner leaves,
such as crab-apple, the upper surface may be arched to form a tube
(British
leafminers).
Lower
surface tentiform mine with a yellow-green epidermis that has a
few folds. Pupation within the mine. The pupa is amber or chestnut
brown, and lies in a white cocoon. Generally the frass is accumulated
in a corner of the mine, but sometimes a small quantity is incorporated
in the wall of the cocoon (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).
Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
The pupa is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in UKMoths.
The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.
Comments:
Records in literature from other plant genera, such as Amelanchier,
Cotoneaster, Crataegus or Mespilus germanica are either
dubious or concern exceptional observations (Triberti, 2007a) (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - larvae: June - July, September - October (British
leafminers).
Time
of year - adults: Adults emerge in May, and again in August
(UKMoths).
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: The species is quite commonly
distributed in England and Wales, scarcer in southern Scotland and
Ireland (UKMoths)
including Anglesey, Bedfordshire, Breconshire, Buckinghamshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire, Cheshire,
Denbighshire, East Cornwall, East Kent, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Flintshire, Glamorgan, Haddington, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Kincardineshire, Kirkudbrightshire, Leicestershire, Middlesex, North Somerset, North-west Yorkshire, Northamptonshire, South Northumberland, Stafford, Stirlingshire, West Cornwall, West Gloucestershire, West Lancashire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, West Sussex and Worcestershire (NBN
Atlas).
See also British
leafminers distribution map.
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria,
Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish
mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland,
Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic
of Moldova, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland, Romania,
Russia - Central, Northwest and South, Slovakia, Spanish mainland,
Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine. Also recorded
in Near East and Nearctic region (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Ageniaspis fuscicollis (Dalman, 1820) |
Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae |
Achrysocharoides atys (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Achrysocharoides cilla (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Achrysocharoides niveipes (Thomson, 1878) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis laomedon (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
nitetis (Walker, 1939) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pubens Delucchi, 1954 |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Closterocerus
trifasciatus Westwood, 1833 |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Pediobius alcaeus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Pediobius pyrgo (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Cirrospilus
diallus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cirrospilus
elegantissimus Westwood, 1841 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cirrospilus
lyncus Walker, 1841 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cirrospilus viticola (Rondani, 1877) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Hemiptarsenus
fulvicollis Westwood, 1833 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio agraules (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio longulus (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Sympiesis dolichogaster Ashmead, 1888 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Sympiesis gregori Boucek, 1959 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Sympiesis viridula (Thomson, 1878) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Eupelmus vesicularis (Retzius, 1783) |
Eupelmidae: Eupelminae |
Baryscapus nigroviolaceus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae |
Minotetrastichus platanellus (Mercet, 1922) |
Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae |
Pteromalus semotus (Walker, 1834) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Coloneura
stylata Förster, 1862 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Apanteles xanthostigma (Haliday, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Pholetesor arisba (Nixon, 1973) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Pholetesor bicolor (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Pholetesor circumscriptus (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Pholetesor elpis (Nixon, 1973) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Pholetesor laetus (Marshall, 1885) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Pholetesor phaetusa (Nixon, 1973) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Diadegma nanus (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Encrateola laevigata (Ratzeburg, 1848) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis areator (Panzer, 1804) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius, 1775) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Scambus inanis (Schrank, 1802) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Scambus vesicarius (Ratzeburg, 1844) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
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