Leaf-miner: The larva feeds inside the apical part of the needle in the autumn
and ejects most of the frass from holes at either end of the mine.
After hibernation it then feeds on spun needles and shoots (British
leafminers).
The
larva enters the needle at about three quarter of its length, at
the flat side; the opening is closed with silk (picture above).
From here the larva mines upwards (rarely also a small distance
downwards).The larva lives in a spacious larval chamber in the lowest
part of the mine, lined with stripes of dense spinning. The frass
is accumulated in the apical part of the mine. Sometimes one, more
rarely two, openings are made to eject part of the frass; these
openings too are closed with silk, and are difficult to find. No
egg shell is visible at the start of the mine. The larva hibernates
in the mine; in the following spring it feeds on the shoots and
in spun needles (Hering, 1957a). Pupation external, in a bud (Freeman,
1960a). (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).
The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
Adult:
The adult is illustrated in UKMoths and the Encyclopedia
of Life. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - larvae: September - May (British
leafminers).
Time
of year - adults: The flight period is from June to July, and
the moth can be attracted to light, but can also be disturbed from
the foodplant by beating (UKMoths).
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widely distributed throughout
much of the British Isles, occurring in conifer plantations (UKMoths),
including Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Breconshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, North Northumberland, Cheshire, Cumberland, Dorset, East Cornwall, East Norfolk, East Suffolk, Easterness, Forfar, Glamorgan, Haddington, Herefordshire, Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Kincardineshire, Linlithgow, Merionethshire, North Aberdeenshire,
North Devon, North Hampshire, North Somerset, Nottinghamshire, Radnorshire, Shropshire,
South Aberdeenshire, South Lancashire, South Wiltshire, Stafford, Surrey,
Warwickshire, West Cornwall, West Gloucestershire, West Kent, West Lancashire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, Westmorland and Worcestershire (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Andorra,
Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corsica,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland,
French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania,
Russia - East, North, Northwest and South, Sardinia, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine
(Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Copidosoma filicorne (Dalman, 1820) |
Encyrtidae: Encyrtinae |
Elachertus fenestratus Nees, 1834 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Hyssopus nigritulus (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Baryscapus turionum (Hartig, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae |
Eupelmus annulatus Nees, 1834 |
Eupelmidae: Eupelminae |
Eupelmus spongipartus Förster, 1860 |
Eupelmidae: Eupelminae |
Eupelmus vesicularis (Retzius, 1783) |
Eupelmidae: Eupelminae |
Eurytoma morio Boheman, 1836 |
Eurytomidae: Eurytominae |
Eurytoma verticillata (Fabricius, 1798) |
Eurytomidae: Eurytominae |
Perilampus tristis Mayr, 1905 |
Perilampidae: Perilampinae |
Capellia orneus (Walker, 1839) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Pteromalus
chrysos Walker, 1836 |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Sceptrothelys deione (Walker, 1839) |
Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Bracon hebetor Say, 1836 |
Braconidae: Braconinae |
Macrocentrus linearis (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Macrocentrinae |
Macrocentrus resinellae (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Braconidae: Macrocentrinae |
Dolichogenidea lemariei (Nixon, 1961) |
Braconidae: Microgastrinae |
Campoplex difformis (Gmelin, 1790) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Campoplex tumidulus Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Diadegma fenestrale (Holmgren, 1860) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Diadegma semiclausum (Hellén, 1949) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Leptocampoplex cremastoides (Holmgren, 1860) |
Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae |
Cremastus infirmus Gravenhorst, 1829 |
Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae |
Pristomerus vulnerator (Panzer, 1799) |
Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae |
Temelucha interruptor (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae |
Blapsidotes vicinus (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis areator (Panzer, 1804) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis agilis (Fabricius, 1775) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis bicolor (Villers, 1789) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Gelis exareolatus (Forster 1850) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Mastrus rufulus (Thomson, 1884) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Zoophthorus dodecellae (Obrtel & Sedivy, 1960) |
Ichneumonidae: Cryptinae |
Dicaelotus parvulus (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Tycherus dodecellae Ranin, 1983 |
Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae |
Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Itoplectis maculator (Fabricius, 1775) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Itoplectis viduata (Gravenhorst, 1829) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Scambus buolianae (Hartig, 1838) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
Scambus sagax (Hartig, 1838) |
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae |
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