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Leaf-miner: A linear track widens to blotch, frass in long threads (British leafminers).

Corridor, generally starting not far from the midrib, at a conspicuous, yellowish oviposition scar, suddenly and somewhat angular widening into a full depth blotch. Often the corridor is overtaken by the blotch, but it remains recognisable in the frass pattern. Frass in long threads. Pupation in the ground (Bladmineerders van Europa).

Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).

Larva white, gut-line green (British leafminers). The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.

Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).

Adult: The adult is illustrated in UKMoths. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Hosts elsewhere:

Betulaceae
Betula				Belgian Lepidoptera
Betula	alleghaniensis			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	humilis			Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pendula	Silver Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa
Betula	pubescens	Downy Birch		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - larvae: June - August (British leafminers).

Time of year - adults: Flying from late April into May and can be netted during the day flying around the foodplant (UKMoths).

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Locally but well distributed throughout Britain (UKMoths) including Bedfordshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Derbyshire, Dorset, East Corwall, East Kent, East Ross, East Suffolk, Easterness, Elgin, Elgin, Glamorgan, Haddington, Hertfordhsire, Huntingdonshire, Kirkudbrightshire, Main Argyll, Middlesex, North Aberdeenshire, North Essex, North Somerset, Northamptonshire, Pembrokeshire, Shropshire, South Aberdeenshire, South Lancashire, South Northumberland, South Somerset, South Wiltshire, South-west Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Warwickshire, West Cornwall, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, Westmorland and Worcestershire (NBN Atlas).

See also British leafminers distribution map.

Also recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Danish mainland, Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Hungary, Italian mainland, Kaliningrad Region, Latvia, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Romania, Russia - Central and South, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Ukraine (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:

Belgian Lepidoptera
Biodiversity Heritage Library
Bladmineerders van Europa
British leafminers
Encyclopedia of Life
Fauna Europaea
NBN Atlas
NHM UK Checklist
UKMoths