Leaf-miner: Early mine a silvery gallery in lower epidermis. Subsequently
a blotch on the upper epidermis. Internal spinning causes the leaf
to pucker and often fold over the blotch, concealing it (British
leafminers).
The
mine starts as a long, tortuous, lower-surface (rarely upper-surface)
epidermal, silvery corridor. After a moult the larva works itself
to the upper surface of the leaf and begins to make a blotch, soon
a tentiform mine, astride the midrib. The mine contracts very strongly,
causing the epidermis to develop strong folds, and the leaf to double,
almost concealing the mine. Shortly before pupation the larva gnaws
a window in the floor of the mine, leaving only the lower epidermis
intact, as a preformed exit opening. Larvae that have hibernated
generally leave their mine, and make a new tentiform mine elsewhere
(Bladmineerders van Europa).
Larva: The larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles (see video of a gracillarid larva feeding), six thoracic legs and abdominal legs (see examples).
The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Pupa: The pupae of moths have visible head appendages, wings and legs which lie in sheaths (see examples).
Pupa in a white fusiform cocoon in the mine (British
leafminers).
Adult:
The adult is illustrated UKMoths and the Encyclopedia
of Life. The species is included in mothdissection.co.uk.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - larvae: June-July, October-April (British
leafminers).
Time
of year - adults: There are two generations in the year, the
adults being on the wing in May and again in August. The second
generation overwinters as a larva (UKMoths).
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Britain including Chester
and Hampshire (UKMoths);
Bedfordshire, Caernarvonshire, Cambridgeshire, Carmarthenshire,
Cheshire, Cumberland, Denbighshire, Derbyshire, East Cornwall, East Gloucestershire, East Norfolk, East Ross, East Suffolk, Easterness,
Elgin, Flintshire, Glamorgan, Herefordshire, Kincardineshire, Mid-west Yorkshire, Middlesex, North Aberdeenshire, North Ebudes, North Essex,
North Somerset, North Wiltshire, Shropshire, South Aberdeenshire, South Devon, South Lancashire, South Wiltshire, South-west Yorkshire, Stafford,
Surrey, Warwickshire, West Cornwall, West Gloucestershire, West Kent, West Lancashire, West Norfolk, West Suffolk, Westmorland and
Worcestershire (NBN
Atlas), and the Channel Is. (Fauna Europaea). Also South Hampshire (British
leafminers).
See also British
leafminers distribution map.
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (Fauna Europaea and National Biodiversity Data Centre Map).
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Albania,
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Danish
mainland, Dodecanese Is., Estonia, Faroe Is., Finland, French mainland,
Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Italian mainland, Latvia, Liechtenstein,
Lithuania, Macedonia, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese mainland,
Romania, Russia - Central, Northwest and South, Sardinia, Sicily,
Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands,
Ukraine and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
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