1 > Leaf-miner: The larva overwinters in a narrow crescent shaped mine on the the lower leaf surface and then forms a large blotch mine next spring. In autumn the mine begins as a brown, narrow and inconspicuous, lower-surface corridor. The larva is capable of leaving its mine and restarting elsewhere, possibly in another leaf. In April - May of the following spring a full depth transparant blotch is made, from which most frass is ejected. The mined leaf soon drops, which makes the mine even more difficult to detect (Simpson, 2004a).

On Viscum in Britain and elsewhere. A rare miner, being found in old apple orchards in the West of England. Widespread in continental Europe.