Leaf-miner: A
distinctive mine with a short linear section at the beginning, then
winding and forming a secondary blotch and finally a short straighter
end section. Pupation internal or more normally the puparium falls
to the ground (Spencer, 1972b:
96 (fig. 96), 97; Spencer, 1976:
324 (fig. 738).
The
mine begins as a narrow corridor, with the frass in fine grains
along the sides. In the next section the corridor is much wider
and more closely wound, forming a secondary blotch; the frass now
forms pearl chains. In the final section the corridor is again narrower,
rather straight and especially interparenchymatous, greenish in
transparency. Pupation outside the mine, but the puparium often
sticks to the leaf (Bladmineerders van Europa).
A short upper surface gallery, then winding to form a blotch; finally becoming linear again- the last section being shallow and looking green (British
leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Brown (Spencer, 1976: 424).
The puparium is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - mines: May-August, October-November.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread. Surrey (Mickleham),
London (Hampstead), Norfolk (Norwich), Yorkshire (Croft area), Midlothian
(Braid Hills) (Spencer, 1972b:
97), Hampshire (Crookham Village) (British
leafminers), Bedford (Sandy) (British
leafminers), Warwickshire (Dosthill, Hampton Wood and Ufton)
(Robbins, 1991: 103); Cambridgeshire,
East Kent, East Suffolk, Glamrogan, Leicestershire, Mid-west Yorkshire, North Somerset, North Wiltshire, South-east Yorkshire, South-west Yorkshire, Surrey and West Norfolk (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland: Co. Clare (Poulavallen) (Spencer, 1972b: 97). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in western and central Europe including
Finland, Sweden (Spencer, 1976:
424), The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (de
Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991), Germany (Spencer,
1976: 570), Czech Republic, Hungary, Italian mainland, Lithuania,
Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Chrysocharis
orbicularis (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
viridis (Nees, 1934) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Miscogaster
maculata Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Dacnusa
areolaris (Nees, 1811) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
confinis Ruthe, 1859 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
laevipectus Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
maculipes Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Grammospila
rufiventris (Nees, 1812) |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Opius
levis Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Phaedrotoma exigua Wesmael, 1835 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|