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Leaf-miner: Mine linear but becoming very broad, up to 5mm, greenish, normally on lower leaves, near water (Spencer, 1972b: 91 (fig. 313), 94).

After a short lower-surface beginning follows a quickly widening, upper-surface corridor that is strongly contorted, and runs from the leaf base towards the margin to widen there into a blotch. Corridor sides very irregular. Primary feeding lines well visible. Frass in pearl chains. Before pupation the larva leaves the mine through a large semicircular exit slit; however, the black puparium mostly remains stuck under the exit flap. Exit slit in lower epidermis (Pakalniskis, 2004a) - see Bladmineerders van Europa.

Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.

Posterior spiracles greatly enlarged, each with two arms, the upper with a black finger-like extension 40-60 bulbs on the main process, with an additional 20-25 on the upper extension (Spencer, 1976: 394, 395 (fig. 691)). Described by Hering (1957b).

Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).

Black (Spencer, 1976: 394, 395 (fig. 690)).

Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:

Ranunculaceae
Caltha	palustris	Marsh Marigold		Bland, 1992
Caltha	palustris	Marsh Marigold		Mines in BMNH
Caltha	palustris	Marsh Marigold		Spencer, 1972b: 118

Hosts elsewhere:

Ranunculaceae
Caltha				Spencer, 1990: 21
Caltha	palustris	Marsh Marigold		Spencer, 1976: 394
Caltha	palustris	Marsh Marigold		Bladmineerders van Europa

Time of year - mines: June.

Time of year - adults: Currently unknown.

Distribution in Great Britain and Ireland: Uncommon. Wiltshire (Corsham) (Spencer, 1972b: 94) and Inner Hebrides (Isle of Coll) (Bland, 1992). East Ross and West Ross (NBN Atlas).

Distribution elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including Denmark, Germany (Spencer, 1976: 394), Czech Republic, French mainland, Norwegian mainland and Poland (Fauna Europaea).

NBN Atlas links to known host species:

British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere: