Leaf-miner: A
long, narrow, upper surface mine widening at the end and with frass
in conspicuous black strips. Pupation normally takes place on the
ground but the puparium not infrequently remains in the exit slit
at the end of the mine (Spencer,
1976: 370, 371 (fig. 645)).
Upper
surface corridor from start to end. The frass liquifies partly,
forming a a broad dark-brown central band. Pupation mostly outsaide
the mine, but the puparium may often be found within. In that case
often an untidy exit slit has been formed; the anterior spiracles
do not penetrate the epidermis (Bladmineerders van Europa).
A long upper surface gallery. Frass broad, linear, conspicuous and black (British
leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by de Meijere (1926).
Puparium:
The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Yellowish-brown; posterior spiracles each with some 17 bulbs
(Spencer, 1976: 370).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts elsewhere:
Time
of year - mines: July-November.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Probably widespread. Kent (Darenth),
Sussex (Southlease), Devon (Wonwell), Norfolk (Norwich) (Spencer, 1972b: 95), Warwickshire (Coventry and Kingsbury) (Robbins,
1991: 63); Denbighshire, East Gloucestershire, East Suffolk, Glamorgan, Huntingdonshire, Huntingdonshire, Leicestershire, Monmouthhshire, North somerset, North Wiltshire, Nottinghmashire, Shropshire, South Lancashire, South-west Yorkshire, Surrey, West Gluocestershire
and West Lancashire (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Martinez, 2007 in Fauna Europaea). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including the Belgium (de
Bruyn and von Tschirnhaus, 1991), Germany (Spencer,
1976: 370), The Netherlands, Luxembourg (Bladmineerders van Europa), Austria, Belarus, ? Corsica, Czech Republic, Denmark,
European Turkey, French mainland, Iceland, Italian mainland, Lithuania,
Madeira, Poland, Sardinia, Slovakia, Spanish mainland, Sweden and
Switzerland (Martinez, 2007 in Fauna Europaea).
Range
extending eastwards to the Kirghiz Republic of the [former] U.S.S.R.
(Spencer, 1976: 370).
Also
recorded in Canada and the U.S.A. (Spencer,
1976: 370). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
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