Phytoliriomyza
hilarella (Zetterstedt, 1848) [Diptera:
Agromyzidae]
Agromyza
hilarella Zetterstedt, 1848. Dipt. Scand. 7:
2776
Pteridomyza hilarella (Zetterstedt, 1848); Spencer, 1972b. Handbk
ident. Br. Ins. 10(5g): 58 (figs 195-6),
59
Phytoliriomyza hilarella (Zetterstedt, 1848); Spencer,
1976. Fauna ent. Scand. 5(1): 296-8, figs 531-2.
Phytoliriomyza hilarella (Zetterstedt, 1848); Spencer,
1990. Host specialization in the World Agromyzidae (Diptera)
: 5, 9 (fig. 14), 131, 338.
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Leaf-miner: Larva
forming short linear mine in single section of a frond. Pupation
external (Spencer, 1972b:
58).
Large,
very transparant blotch, with primary and secondary feeding lines.
In the centre a concentration of black frass. Mines can coalesce,
and then contain several larvae. At the start of the mine, at the
leaf underside, a white egg shell. However, the larva can leave
its mine and restart elsewehere, therefore mines without an egg
shell may occur as well (Bladmineerders van Europa).
A small marginal upper surface gallery in a single section of frond (British
leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Comments:
The record from Polypodium
vulgare (Spencer, 1972b:
109) requires confirmation.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts
elsewhere:
Time
of year - mines: August.
Time
of year - adults: June, August.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in Britain including Dunbartonshire (Bonhill) (Spencer, 1972b:
58); Caernarvonshire, East Ross, Glamorgan, Huntingdonshire, Main Argyll, Merionethshire, Monmouthshire, South Hampshire,
South-west Yorkshire and Stafford (NBN
Atlas).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland: Co. Clare (Spencer, 1972b: 58). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread throughout Europe (Spencer,
1990: 9) including Austria, Germany, Sweden (Spencer, 1973b),
Finland (Spencer, 1976: 296),
Denmark (Soenderup, 1949,
although this requires confirmation - see Spencer,
1976: 296), The Netherlands (Bladmineerders van Europa), Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
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