Leaf-miner: Large,
very transparent blotch, with primary and secundary feeding lines.
In the centre a concentration of black frass. Mines can coalesce,
and then contain several larvae. At the start of the mine, at the
leaf underside, a white egg shell. However, the larva can leave
its mine and restart elsewehere, therefore mines without an egg
shell may occur as well (Bladmineerders van Europa).
A white egg is laid at the start of the mine, on the leaf underside. A large clear mine is formed in the centre of the leaf, with a black frass pile. Mines may coalesce and so a mine may contain several larvae (British Leafminers).
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by Vos-de Wilde (1935)
and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Comments:
Ackland in Chandler (1978)
did not indicate whether his host records were British or Foreign
and are therefore included under 'Hosts in Britain' and 'Hosts elsewhere
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland: Cirsium arvense (Creeping Thistle), C. heleniodies (Melancholy Thistle), C.palustre (Marsh Thistle), Cynara colymus (Globe Artichoke)
Hosts
elsewhere:
Asteraceae |
|
|
|
|
Carduus |
Hering,
1957 |
Carduus |
acanthoides |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Carduus
|
acanthoides
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
?
Carduus |
crispus |
Welted
Thistle |
 |
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
Carduus |
crispus
|
Welted
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Carduus |
defloratus |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Carduus |
hamulosus |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Carduus |
nutans |
Musk
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
? Carduus |
nutans |
Musk
Thistle |
 |
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
?
Carlina |
vulgaris
|
Carline
Thistle |
 |
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
Carlina |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Cirsium |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Cirsium |
acaule |
Dwarf
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cirsium |
appendiculatum |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Cirsium |
arvense
|
Creeping
Thistle |
 |
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
Cirsium |
arvense
|
Creeping
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Cirsium |
eriophorum
|
Woolly
Thistle |
 |
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
Cirsium |
erisithales |
Yellow
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cirsium |
helenioides
|
Melancholy
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cirsium |
oleraceum |
Cabbage
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cirsium |
oleraceum
x rivulare |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Cirsium |
palustre
|
Marsh
Thistle |
 |
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
Cirsium |
palustre
|
Marsh
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cirsium |
x
semidecurrens |
Tuberous
Marsh-thistle |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa, as Cirsium palustre x tuberosum |
Cirsium |
spinosissimum |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cirsium |
vulgare
|
Spear
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cirsium |
vulgare
|
Spear
Thistle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa, as Cirsium lanceolatum
|
?
Cynara |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 228 |
Cynara |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Time
of year - mines: July.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Recorded in Britain by Ackland
(1978); Cambridgeshire, East Kent, East Ross, East Suffolk, Elgin, North Somerset, South Lancashire and Surrey (NBN
Atlas).
Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including The Netherlands
(Bladmineerders van Europa), Austria, ? Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
French mainland, Germany, Lithuania, Norwegian mainland, Poland,
Slovakia and Sweden (Michelsen in Fauna Europaea). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Carduus
acanthoides, Carduus
crispus, Carduus
nutans, Carlina
vulgaris, Cirsium
acaule, Cirsium
arvense, Cirsium
eriophorum, Cirsium
erisithales, Cirsium
helenioides, Cirsium
oleraceum, Cirsium
palustre, Cirsium
vulgare, Cirsium
x semidecurrens, Cynara
scolymus |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Biosteres carbonarius (Nees, 1834) |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|