Leaf-miner: A tightly coiled, almost blotch-like mine. The mine is described
and illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
The
mine is also illustrated in British
leafminers.
Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
Orange-yellow; posterior spiracles with 3 bulbs, of which the outer
is extended.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Orange-yellow.
Comments:
A polyphagous pest of ornamental and vegetable crops occasionally
intercepted at UK points of entry. Hosts cited here include 155
plant genera in 41 plant families worldwide
Minkenberg
and Lenteren (1986)
review the parasites and hosts of Liriomyza trifolii.
The
species has been found under glass in England and Wales but all
populations have been and continue to be eradicated (Dom Collins,
pers. comm.).
Liriomyza
trifolii is listed in the European Community Plant Health Directive
(2000/29/EC). As a non-native notifiable pest species, its occurence
in the United Kingdom should be notified immediately to the Plant
Health and Seeds Inspectorate (tel: +44 (0) 1904 462000, e-mail:
info@fera.gsi.gov.uk)
However, in order to be certain of the identity, the male genitalia
should be critically examined. Diagnostic protocols may be found
at /protocols/liriomyza.pdf
Lycopersicon
esculentum is treated as Solanum
lycopersicum (Tomato) by Stace (2010).
Hosts:
The species is recorded worldwide on Acanthaceae,
Amaranthaceae,
Anacardiaceae,
Apiaceae,
Asclepiadaceae,
Asteraceae, Basellaceae,
Brassicaceae,
Euphorbiaceae,
Fabaceae, Iridaceae,
Lamiaceae, Liliaceae,
Malvaceae, Onagraceae,
Passifloraceae,
Piperaceae, Plantaginaceae,
Poaceae, Polemoniaceae,
Polygonaceae,
Portulacaceae,
Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Sapindaceae,
Scrophulariaceae,
Solanaceae, Turneraceae,
Typhaceae, Valerianaceae,
Verbenaceae
and Zygophyllaceae.
Time
of year - mines: Currently unknown.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Occasionally intercepted at
UK points of entry (Dom Collins, pers. comm.).
Also
recorded in the Republic of Ireland (Dunne
and O'Connor, 1989). Distribution
elsewhere: Worldwide. Europe including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Canary Is. Corsica, Crete, Cyprus, Czech Republic, ? Denmark, European
Turkey, Finland, French mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary,
Italian mainland, Malta, Monaco, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Portuguese
mainland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spanish
mainland, Sweden, Switzerland, The Netherlands and Yugoslavia (Fauna Europaea).
Also
recorded in the U.S.A. and Canada (Spencer,
1969a: 190), Afro-tropical, Australian, East Palaearctic, Near
East, Neotropical regions and North Africa (Fauna Europaea). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
Allium
cepa, Allium
porrum, Allium
schoenoprasum, Amaranthus
retroflexus, Amaranthus
spinosus, Amaranthus
viridis, Ambrosia
artemisiifolia, Anethum
graveolens, Antirrhinum
majus, Anthriscus
cerefolium, Apium
graveolens, Arachis
hypogaea, Artemisia
absinthium, Avena
sativa, Baccharis
halimifolia, Bidens
pilosa, Beta
vulgaris, Brassica napus, Brassica
oleracea, Calendula
officinalis, Callistephus
chinensis, Capsicum
annuum, Capsella
bursa-pastoris, Centaurea
cyanus, Centranthus
ruber, Chenopodium
album, Citrullus
lanatus, Crataegus
monogyna, Cucumis
melo, Cucumis
sativus, Cucurbita
maxima, Cucurbita
pepo, Datura
metel, Daucus
carota,
Dianthus caryophyllus, Gaillardia
aristata, Galinsoga
ciliata, Galinsoga
quadriradiata, Glycine
max, Gypsophila
paniculata, Helianthus
annuus, Hordeum
vulgare, Lactuca
sativa, Lactuca
serriola, Lamium
amplexicaule, Lathyrus
odoratus, Lycopersicon
esculentum (= Solanum
lycopersicum),
Malva moschata, Malva
neglecta, Medicago
lupulina, Medicago
sativa, Melilotus
albus, Melilotus
indicus, Pastinaca
sativa, Phaseolus
coccineus, Phaseolus
vulgaris, Physalis
pubescens, Pisum
sativum, Plantago lanceolata, Plantago
major, Polygonum
persicaria, Portulaca
oleracea, Raphanus
raphanistrum, Raphanus
sativus, Ricinus
communis, Senecio
jacobaea, Senecio
vulgaris, Solanum
americanum, Solanum
dulcamara, Solanum
nigrum, Solanum
tuberosum, Sonchus
asper, Sonchus
oleraceus, Spinacia
oleracea, Tagetes
erecta, Tagetes
patula, Tanacetum
parthenium, Taraxacum
officinale, Thlaspi
arvense, Tragopogon
porrifolius, Tribulus
terrestris, Trifolium
incarnatum, Vaccaria
pyramidata, Vicia
faba, Vicia
sativa, Vigna
radiata |
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
|
Chrysocharis
liriomyzae Delucchi, 1954 |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
orbicularis (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pentheus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
pubicornis (Zetterstedt, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood, 1833) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös, 1958 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
isaea (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Hemiptarsenus
ornatus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Neochrysocharis
chlorogaster (Erdös, 1966) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Halticoptera
aenea (Walker, 1833) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Halticoptera
circulus (Walker, 1833) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Epiclerus nomocerus (Masi, 1934) |
Tetracampidae: Tetracampinae |
Ichneumonoidea - Links to species no longer available |
|
Dacnusa
maculipes Thomson, 1895 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Dacnusa
sibirica Telenga, 1935 |
Braconidae: Alysiinae |
Opius
gracilis Fischer, 1957 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
Opius
lugens Haliday, 1837 |
Braconidae: Opiinae |
|