Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The mandible of the full-grown larva has one hook-shaped tooth (Miles,
1953).
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Comments:
Griffith (1982) records
echinata as a leaf-miner and in the stems of many Caryophyllaceae
and Chenopodiaceae. According to G.C.D. Griffiths (pers. comm.)
the records of D. echinata on Phlox are doubtful. Ackland in Chandler
(1978) did not indicate whether his host records were British or
Foreign and are therefore tentatively included under 'Hosts in Britain'
and 'Hosts elsewhere'.
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Caryophyllaceae |
|
|
|
|
?
Agrostemma
|
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Arenaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Cerastium |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Cerastium |
fontanum |
Common
Mouse-ear |
 |
Pitkin & Plant |
?
Cerastium |
fontanum
subsp. holosteoides |
Common
Mouse-ear |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 34 |
?
Dianthus |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Gypsophila |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Lychnis |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Saponaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Silene |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Silene |
dioica |
Red
Campion |
 |
Robbins,
1991: 34 |
?
Spergularia |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Stellaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
?
Vaccaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Vaccaria |
hispanica |
Cowherb |
|
Pitkin & Plant |
Chenopodiaceae |
|
|
|
|
?
Atriplex |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Atriplex |
|
|
|
Robbins,
1991: 34 |
?
Chenopodium |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Spinacia |
|
|
|
Miles,
1953 |
Polemoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
?
Phlox
|
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Hosts
elsewhere:
Amaranthaceae |
|
|
|
|
Amaranthus |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Amaranthus |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Caryophyllaceae |
|
|
|
|
?
Agrostemma
|
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Agrostemma |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Agrostemma |
githago |
Corncockle |
 |
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Arenaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Arenaria |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Arenaria |
serpyllifolia |
Slender
Sandwort |
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Cerastium |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Cerastium |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Cerastium |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Cerastium |
nutans
|
|
|
Griffiths,
1991 |
Cerastium |
beringianum
|
|
|
Griffiths,
1991 |
Cerastium |
triviale |
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Dianthus |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Dianthus |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Dianthus |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Dianthus |
caryophyllus
|
Clove
Pink |
|
Griffiths,
1991 |
?
Gypsophila |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Gypsophila |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Gypsophila |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
?
Lychnis |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Lychnis |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Lychnis |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Saponaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Saponaria |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Saponaria |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Silene |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Silene |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Silene |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Spergularia |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Spergularia |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Stellaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Stellaria |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Stellaria |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Vaccaria |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Vaccaria |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Chenopodiaceae |
|
|
|
|
?
Atriplex |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Atriplex |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Atriplex |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
?
Chenopodium |
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Chenopodium |
|
|
|
Bladmineerders van Europa |
Chenopodium
|
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Spinacia |
olearacea
|
Spinach |
|
Suwa,
1974 |
Polemoniaceae |
|
|
|
|
?
Phlox
|
|
|
|
Ackland
in Chandler, 1978: 227 |
Phlox |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Primulaceae |
|
|
|
|
Primula |
|
|
|
Hering,
1957 |
Time
of year - mines:
Larvae throughout the summer in 2 or 3 generations (Hering,
1957).
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Britain including Warwickshire
(Allesley, Dosthill and Keresley) (Robbins,
1991); Anglesey, Breconshire, Caernarvonshire, Cardiganshire, Cumberland,
Dorset, East Ross, Easterness, Glamorgan, Huntingdonshire, North Somerset, North-east Yorkshire, Orkner, Oxfordshire, Peebleshire, Pembrokeshire, South-west Yorkshire, West Cornwall, West Gloucestershire and Shetland (NBN
Atlas). NDistribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including The Netherlands
(Bladmineerders van Europa), Belgium (Gosseries
and Ackland, 1991), Andorra, Austria, Canary Is., Corsica,
Crete, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Is., Finland, French
mainland, Germany, Greek mainland, Hungary, Iceland, Italian mainland,
Madeira, Norwegian mainland, Poland, Russia - East and North, Slovakia,
Spanish mainland, Sweden and Switzerland (Michelsen in Fauna Europaea).
Also
recorded in Japan (Suwa, 1974),
Canada and Alaska (Griffiths,
1991). NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
|