Leaf-miner: Larva
initially forming a narrow linear leaf-mine, adjoining margin of
leaf; later forming a broad blotch, with conspicuously greenish-diffused
frass (Spencer, 1972b: 37,
fig. 109; Spencer, 1976:
103, fig. 157).
Hooklike,
upper-surface secondary blotch. The mine starts as a rather narrow
corridor in the centre of the leaf. From there the corridor runs
in the direction of the leaf margin, not much widening, and quite
tortuous. Once the leaf margin is reached the mine suddenly starts
to widen strongly; often then also the direction of the mine switches.
Frass deliquescent, in a wide, bright green central band. Primary
and secondary feeding lines very prominent. Older mines wither and
turn brown, later white. Pupation outside the mine (Bladmineerders van Europa).
An upper surface gallery along one margin towards the tip, enlarging into a blotch on the other margin. Frass pale green when fresh, brownish later (British
leafminers). |
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Larva: The larvae of flies are leg-less maggots without a head capsule (see examples). They never have thoracic or abdominal legs. They do not have chewing mouthparts, although they do have a characteristic cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton (see examples), usually visible internally through the body wall.
The larva is described by de Meijere (1925). The larva is illustrated in Bladmineerders van Europa.
Puparium: The puparia of flies are formed within the hardened last larval skin or puparium and as a result sheaths enclosing head appendages, wings and legs are not visible externally (see examples).
Orange; posterior spiracles each with 3 bulbs (Spencer,
1976: 104). Shining yellow (Bladmineerders van Europa).
Hosts in Great Britain and Ireland:
Hosts elsewhere:
Time
of year - mines: June-August.
Time
of year - adults: Currently unknown.
Distribution
in Great Britain and Ireland: Widespread in England (Spencer, 1972b: 39) including Warwickshire (Coventry) (Robbins,
1991: 41) and London (South Kensington) (pers. observation),
Caernarvonshire, Easterness, Leicestershire, North Ebudes, South Lancashire, South-east Yorkshire, South-west Yorkshire, Warwickshire, West Sutherland and Westmorland (NBN
Atlas). Distribution
elsewhere: Widespread in continental Europe including The Netherlands,
Norway, Sweden (Spencer, 1976),
Germany (Spencer, 1976: 546),
Estonia, Finland, French mainland, Poland and Spanish mainland (Fauna Europaea).
NBN Atlas links to known host species:
British and Irish Parasitoids in Britain and elsewhere:
Chalcidoidea |
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Chrysocharis
nitetis (Walker, 1939) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis nephereus (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
orbicularis (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Chrysocharis
viridis (Nees, 1934) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood, 1833) |
Eulophidae: Entedoninae |
Cirrospilus
diallus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cirrospilus
pictus (Nees, 1834) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Cirrospilus
vittatus Walker, 1838 |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Diglyphus
minoeus (Walker, 1838) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio
pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Pnigalio
soemius (Walker, 1839) |
Eulophidae: Eulophinae |
Halticoptera
aenea (Walker, 1833) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Halticoptera
patellana (Dalman, 1818) |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Halticoptera
violacea Askew, 1972 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
Miscogaster
maculata Walker, 1833 |
Pteromalidae: Miscogastrinae |
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